雾霾天气的城市规划对策研究——以哈尔滨市为例

随着城市大规模开发与发展,自然地貌的改变,建筑密度增加,空气污染、雾霾频发和城市热岛效应加剧等气候问题日益加剧。尤其是近几年雾霾天气频发,人们健康受到极大威胁。如何通过城市规划的手段预防和治理雾霾天气是规划工作新的挑战和要求。本文在分析哈尔滨市雾霾形成原因的基础上,从城市规划的角度,提出哈尔滨市预防和治理雾霾天气的规划措施,以期为市民营造一个健康的呼吸环境。     

中国雾霾成因及治理对策

雾霾天气的成因和治理,不仅是中国政府民众重点关注的话题,更是大气环境科研工作者必须面对的挑战。从颗粒物成分、污染物来源、气象条件以及特殊时期的污染特征分析等多方面对雾霾成因进行了分析论证,并从监测、评价、控制等多角度提出了适合中国国情的雾霾治理对策。     

完善森林管理 增强碳汇能力

森林与全球气候变暖有着紧密的联系,森林可以吸收二氧化碳,成为碳吸收器,但是森林如果遭到破坏就会成为二氧化碳的释放源,所以我们必须加强森林资源的科学管理,让森林成为有利于人类生存发展的碳汇而不是碳源。     

2008年春节前后强平流天气对广西龙眼荔枝生长发育的影响

2008年春节前后的强平流天气给广西龙眼、荔枝生长发育造成较大影响,表现为：结果母枝的花芽生长点停止发育甚至干枯死亡,早熟荔枝花芽枯死,花期比常年推迟15～20d,植株枝梢成花率低,多发生＂冲梢＂或＂梢上花＂现象。花质普遍偏低,花序长度为常年的70%～80%,花粒大小也仅为常年的70%～80%。只有晚熟龙眼荔枝座果率较高,其它早中熟品种座果率偏低。成熟期比常年推迟10d左右。     

自动气象站日常维护及常见故障判断处理

本文主要以CAWS600型地面监测自动气象站为例,总结归纳出自动气象站日常维护及常见故障处理。     

Impact of Long‐Term Weather on Domestic and Foreign Winter Tourism Demand

This study estimates the determinants of domestic and foreign tourism demand using data on 28 Austrian ski resorts for the winter seasons 1986–1987 to 2007–1908. Using the dynamic panel data analysis, we find that the effect of the weather variables (e.g. snow depth, cloudiness or sunshine) is quite small, with a change in one standard deviation of the variation over time in each weather variable, leading to a 2–3 % change in overnight stays. Furthermore, domestic tourists are more sensitive to changes in weather conditions than foreign tourists. By contrast, overnight stays of foreign visitors are much more responsive to changes in income than it is the case for domestic overnight stays. The occurrence of extreme snow‐deficient winters, such as the winter of 2006–2007, in the future period will reduce overnight stays of foreign and domestic visitors by 2 and 5 %, respectively. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The future of the Olympic Winter Games in an era of climate change

The Olympic Winter Games (OWG) stands as a symbol of international cross-cultural exchange through elite-level sport. As a mega-event with a significant reliance on a specific range of weather conditions for outdoor competitions, the OWG have developed several technologies and strategies to manage weather risk. Can these climatic adaptations cope with future climate change? Based on an analysis of two key climate indicators (probability of a minimum temperature of ≤0°C, and probability of a snow depth of ≥30 centimetres with advanced snowmaking capacity), this paper examines how projected changes to climate will impact the ability of the 19 previous host cities/regions to provide suitable conditions for outdoor competitions in the future. The results indicate that while the 19 former OWG hosts all have a suitable climate in the 1981–2010 period, only 11 or 10 (low–high-emission scenarios) remain climatically suitable in the 2050s, with as few as 6 in the high-emission scenario of the 2080s. The analysis reveals that climate change has important implications for the future geography of OWG host cities/regions as well as broader implications for participation in winter sport.     

农业天气指数保险的保障与融资功能发挥--从保险标的的可保性角度分析

农业作为社会经济的重要一环,存在着抗击风险能力差、融资难等问题,农业保险无疑为解决这一问题提供了可行的途径。相较于传统农险,农业天气指数保险的优势十分明显,它能够提高理赔速度、减少纠纷、消除道德风险。但实践中发现,气象指数保险对维护中国农村财务稳定性的作用并不十分明显。本文旨在从农业天气指数保险的标的可保性出发,讨论这一现象出现的原因,并提出相应的建议,以促进农业天气指数保险能更好地发挥其保障和融资功能,促进农业的发展。     

天气衍生品套期保值福利效应研究——基于中美城市对接方法

近年来,天气风险管理日益受到各界关注。文章利用2007-2012年28个中美城市的天气日数据,将中国直辖市对接到CME Group交易的天气衍生品之标的城市,在数值分析的框架下推导出福利效应模型,通过参数估计和模拟求解,研究中国区域农业在引进天气衍生品套期保值前后的福利变化。通过引入Ornstein-Uhlenbeck过程,使用聚类分析和神经网络方法成功解决了中国农户因缺乏天气衍生工具而难以评价其套期保值福利效应的窘境。研究发现,对中国区域农业来说,引进天气衍生品进行套期保值将带来正的福利效应。且高基本消费量、高需求弹性、高投机者成本系数、低投机者风险规避度、低需求扰动和低供给扰动有利于发生正的福利效应。本文的研究区分了"气候"与"天气",丰富了对"绿色金融"的认识,并为从福利改善角度评估引入天气衍生品的政策效果作出基础性研究。