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11.
    
The aim of this paper is to take a holistic perspective to explore levels of cycling and opportunities and barriers to increase children’s safer cycling in disadvantaged areas in England. The study was one part of a larger study which explored the factors underlying the high level of road traffic casualties especially among children in the most disadvantaged areas of England and to explore how this impacts on mobility and quality of life. The methods involved a cross sectional survey comprising school based questionnaire surveys with children aged 9-14 and focus groups with parents who had children within this age range. The surveys were conducted in 2007 and the focus groups during 2008. 4286 children completed the survey and eight focus groups were held. Bike ownership (77%) was high, use in previous week moderate (39%) but only 2% cycled to school. Ownership was significantly lower in minority ethnic groups. Despite young children’s strong preference to travel by cycle (30%) than walk or go by car, most parents felt it was too hazardous. It is unlikely that these findings would be any different from the rest of England, however the combination of environmental and social factors may elevate the risks for young cyclists in these areas. This paper concludes that a number of barriers exist to increasing levels of cycling among children living in disadvantaged areas particularly amongst ethnic groups. These barriers could be addressed by environmental modifications to reduce speeds and by reducing the levels of antisocial driving and riding in residential areas and around destinations where children travel, by providing cycle training to improve children’s skills and parent’s confidence, and by providing secure storage facilities for bikes. Until these barriers are addressed it is unlikely that cycling will increase despite the strong preferences children have to travel by bike. Such preferences to cycle provide an opportunity for local authorities to act on.  相似文献   
12.
    
ABSTRACT

This study explores how religious and ethnic norms and gender relations interact across the domestic and public spheres of work in rural China's minority-concentrated regions. It focuses on the roles that childcare and household composition play in the employment decisions of prime-age married individuals of Muslim and non-Muslim ethnicity. Using the 2012 China Household Ethnicity Survey (CHES), the study finds that children generally decrease women's likelihood of employment outside the home and increase men's. The gender gap in the probability of off-farm employment is larger for those of Muslim ethnicity. Non-Muslim parents of sons are more likely to migrate for employment than parents of daughters. The presence of women of grandparent age (46–70) universally facilitates labor migration. Men of grandparent age tend to increase only the probability that non-Muslim parents migrate for employment. Additional adult male household members reduce the likelihood that women of Muslim ethnicity have off-farm employment.  相似文献   
13.
目的 探讨益气健脾补肾生血方联合小剂量铁剂治疗小儿缺铁性贫血患儿的临床疗效.方法 选取2019年1月至2020年1月就诊于保定华医中医医院的120例小儿缺铁性贫血患儿作为研究对象,按随机数字表法分为对照组与观察组,各60例.对照组患儿采用右旋糖酐铁口服液治疗,观察组患儿在对照组治疗基础上采用益气健脾补肾生血方治疗,比较...  相似文献   
14.
    
Interacting with children is one of the most popular activities among volunteer tourists, yet volunteer tourism research rarely is informed by insights from childhood studies. This paper shows how a greater understanding of the socially constructed nature of many assumptions about children and childhood, as well as a more accurate understanding of child development processes, can deepen understanding of the phenomenon widely referred to as orphanage tourism. Issues to be addressed include the definition and delineation of orphanage tourism, motivations for and consequences of orphanage tourism, and the anti-orphanage tourism campaign. Main points will be illustrated with excerpts from a content analysis of volunteers’ testimonials, blogs and other online sources.  相似文献   
15.
目前国内针对农村留守儿童教育本身进行研究的文献很多,但从社会管理体制的角度研究解决农村留守儿童教育问题的文献极少。文章分析了产生农村留守儿童问题的体制性原因,提出了改善农村留守儿童状况的体制性措施及管理性措施.  相似文献   
16.
目的分析口服轮状病毒活疫苗在社区防疫中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析在我社区就诊的轮状病毒性腹泻患儿128例,将其随机分成观察组和对照组,观察组口服轮状病毒活疫苗,对照组未口服轮状病毒活疫菌对于其它疫苗的接种两组均相同。随访半年,观察两组患儿的平均患病时间和发病情况等。结果观察组腹泻8例(12.5%),住院3例(4.7%),平均患病时间(4.2±1.2)天;对照组腹泻20例(31.3%),住院9例(14.1%),平均患病时间(7.6±2.1)天。两组患儿的结果均具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论在预防儿童轮状病毒腹泻上,口服轮状病毒活疫苗具有良好的效果,建议在临床上推广使用,从而为临床治疗提供一定的依据。  相似文献   
17.
肖勇  何梅 《城市发展研究》2012,19(4):101-105
通过对湖南省农民工进城务工过程中的子女适应问题进行了调查问卷和走访,结合自身所学知识,重点对农民工子女在城市中的生活和学习以及人际交往问题进行了分析和研究,利用收集整理到的数据,通过Logistic回归方法的应用对影响农民工子女城市适应的因素进行了分析,包括:是否有城市同龄朋友、同学交往、学习成绩、老师态度、流动儿童的性别和年龄等内客,在影响因素中所占比例较高,在以后的工作中应该引起我们的重视.  相似文献   
18.
    
《Economic Systems》2022,46(3):101019
Although a large body of literature has argued that motherhood has a profound and long-lasting negative effect on the employment and earnings of women, there is little evidence focusing on the post-communist region. This paper exploits the latest rounds of the EBRD-World Bank Life in Transition Survey (LiTS) and the Mongolian National Statistics Office Household Socio-Economic Survey (HSES) to examine the correlation between the presence of children of different age categories in a family and female employment in Mongolia in 2016. We examine the availability of childcare, social norms and attitudes towards women, as well as household decision-making as potential explanations. We find that small children decrease the probability of female employment relative to women with no small children. In particular, women with two children aged one to six years are 21.5 percentage points less likely to be employed. Our results also suggest that cultural biases against women may be at least partially responsible for the low female employment levels we uncovered. These results are unlikely to be driven by omitted variable bias.  相似文献   
19.
    
Vertical influences can significantly shape children overweight by affecting both genetics and the environment children are exposed to. This paper examines the vertical (parental) transmission of child overweight drawing upon a fifteen year sample of English adults and their children, both adopted and biological, for which we can retrieve clinical measures height and weight. We find that, when both parents are overweight, children exhibit an increased likelihood of overweight, irrespective of whether they are adopted or biological children. When both parents are obese as opposed to overweight the picture is different. We find that the likelihood of child overweight increases by 16.7 percentage points among natural (non-adopted) children but only by 4.5 percentage points among adopted children. This suggests that the transmission of overweight when both parents are obese is not merely genetic, and what has been called vertical or parental transmission plays a non-negligible role. Our findings are validated by are a battery of robustness checks.  相似文献   
20.
Students with disabilities commonly face barriers when accessing water and using sanitation and hygiene facilities at school. International frameworks have prompted governments to enact local policies that enshrine these rights, guarantee equitable access to education and mandate inclusive infrastructure. This research was designed to explore whether Malawi has translated good policies into practice. Data were gathered in Rumphi district, Malawi, through structured field observations in ten schools and interviews with students with a disability (n?=?23), teachers (n?=?11) and government stakeholders (n?=?2). No school had facilities that fully meet the needs of students with disabilities, and private schools were not necessarily better. The cost of bringing existing infrastructure up to standard was on average MK54 000 (US$78). However, proactive consultation with children with a disability is likely to generate alternative low-cost short-term solutions. Increased government support, budgeting and enforcement is necessary to ensure international standards and national policies are met.  相似文献   
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