Consideration-set heuristics

Consumers often choose products by first forming a consideration set and then choosing from among considered products. When there are many products to screen (or many features to evaluate), it is rational for consumers to use consider-then-choose decision processes and to do so with heuristic decision rules. Managerial decisions (product development, marketing communications, etc.) depend upon the ability to identify and react to consumers' heuristic consideration-set rules. We provide managerial examples and review the state-of-the-art in the theory and measurement of consumers' heuristic consideration-set rules. Advances in greedoid methods, Bayesian inference, machine-learning, incentive alignment, measurement formats, and unstructured direct elicitation make it feasible and cost-effective to understand, quantify, and simulate “what-if” scenarios for a variety of heuristics. These methods now apply to a broad set of managerial problems including applications in complex product categories with large numbers of product features and feature-levels.     

The influence of pre-decisional constraints on information search and consideration set formation in new automobile purchases

We propose that the manner in which a purchase decision is initiated has an important influence on subsequent product evaluation and choice. Specifically, we propose that the problem recognition “event” and the consequent retrieval of pre-decisional constraints from memory significantly influence the ensuing processes of external information search and consideration set formation. Several hypotheses are developed to model these interrelationships. The data were collected from a national probability sample of new automobile buyers. Log-linear, logistic regression and linear regression analyses were used to test the hypotheses. The results suggest that the type of pre-decisional constraints that are activated as a consequence of the problem recognition event significantly influences the “route” consumers follow through the remainder of the purchase process. The findings have important theoretical and practical implications for understanding the consumer decision process for consumer durables.     

日本对中印投资战略调整研究——政治经济因素探析

近年来,印度经济的异军突起不仅引起了国际学术界广泛的关注,而且也促动了美日等发达国家对外经济战略的转变和调整。尤其是中日之间异常的"政冷经热"导致日本把投资目标转向印度,从而已经呈现出"经热转凉"的新态势,值得我们深思。比较进入新世纪后日本企业对中印两国投资战略的调整,可以探究日本企业投资由中国转向印度的政治经济原因及其经济效应,有助于掌握日本企业对外投资战略新趋势,为中国今后引进外资提供理论依据。     

Consideration of Future Consequences among managers in Iran and Malaysia

Consideration of Future Consequences (CFC) is an individual differences variable that reflects how individuals view the future. CFC takes into account the intrapersonal struggle between an individual's present behaviour and the immediate and future outcomes. The main aim of this study is to examine how managers consider the consequences of their actions in two developing countries, i.e. Malaysia and Iran. Empirical data were collected via a survey questionnaire distributed to managers working in private companies in both countries. The datasets illustrates that Malaysians have a higher CFC compared to Iranians. In addition, it is also shown that Malaysians tend to view consequences from three perspectives, i.e. immediate, intermediate, and future consequences, while the Iranians look at immediate and future consequences.     

中国上市公司股权分置改革的事件研究

市场对股改这一事件的反应显著,在股改日当天出现显著为正的累积超常收益,说明了股改给流通股股东带来了超常收益;资产重组和权证方式使得流通股东获得较多的超常收益,而广为流行的送股方式以及派现方式和缩股方式都没有给流通股东带来较多收益。     

An investigation of determinants of counterfeit purchase consideration

The primary purpose of this study is to examine the determinants governing the likelihood of considering the purchase of counterfeit branded products (CBPs) in the context of non-deceptive counterfeiting. The study anticipates and explores the effects of consumer-perceived brand image (i.e., brand personality, product attributes, and benefits/consequences), perceived risk, product knowledge, product involvement, and consumer demographic variables. Focus groups generated the criteria that consumers use to evaluate the studied brands; the main study then collected data from interviews. The results show that among the tested variables, brand personality performs best in determining consideration of the CBP. In general, demographic variables and product involvement do not appear to be significantly influential. The results also provide empirical evidence for Plummer's (Plummer, J.T. How Personality Makes a Difference. Journal of Advertising Research 1985; 24 (6): 27-83 (December/January), Plummer, J.T. How Personality Makes a Difference. Journal of Advertising Research 2000; 40 (6): 79-83 (November/December)) notion of brand image components; furthermore the results also suggest that perceived risks should not be part of the benefit/consequence component of the brand image concept.     

关于民营企业人才流失的思考

人才是民营企业发展的重要资源,也是民营企业持续发展的关键。但是,目前民营企业人才现状不容乐观,人才向具有竞争力企业的流动频率加快,民营企业面临着严重的人才流失问题,并且成为制约民企发展的瓶颈。因此,如何进行民营企业的员工流失管理已成为当前刻不容缓的问题。     

Determinants of consumers’ choices in hotel online searches: A comparison of consideration and booking stages

Using a stated choice experiment, this study uncovers how hotel review- and price-related attributes affect consumers’ formation of consideration sets and hotel bookings based on online search results alongside a two-stage model of consideration and choice. Empirical findings indicate that consumers’ evaluations of certain attributes vary across these stages. During the consideration stage, the listed hotel price, promotional discount, overall rating, review volume, and booking popularity are significant attributes for prospective guests, whereas price disparities across websites are not. Insignificant interaction effects among these determinants imply that in this stage, consumers employ fast-frugal heuristics and a noncompensatory strategy. During the booking stage, listed price, promotional discount, overall rating, and review volume inform consumers’ booking decisions. Furthermore, the interaction effects point to consumers’ adoption of a compensatory strategy in making a final booking decision. Finally, this study concludes with implications for hotel pricing and system optimization of online platforms.     

Shortlisting procedure with a limited capacity

A decision maker, who is overwhelmed by the number of available alternatives, limits her consideration. We investigate a model where a decision maker’s capacity determines whether she is overwhelmed: She considers all the available alternatives if their number does not exceed her capacity; otherwise, she applies a shortlisting procedure to reduce the number of alternatives to within her capacity. We show how to deduce the decision maker’s capacity, her preference and the alternatives that she considers from the observed behavior. Furthermore, we provide the necessary and sufficient conditions for a consideration function to be derived by the shortlisting procedure with a limited capacity.     

上海建设电子票据交易中心的路径选择

本文重点提出了建设我国电子票据交易中心的路径选择,包括电子票据交易中心的基本原则、功能与定位、组织构架、交易模式和品种、交易规则、监管以及实施步骤等。文章最后还提出当前形势下建设电子票据交易中心亟待解决的问题,以期进一步夯实全国性电子交易中心的建设基础。