利益集团的政治经济学：一个文献分析结构

利益集团概念在近几十年中发展起来的新政治经济学文献中表现出了极其重要的分析价值。本文选择影响机制、寻租行为、治理机制三个层面,对浩瀚庞杂的利益集团政治经济学文献进行系统梳理,试图构建一个基于市场制度的利益集团文献分析结构。毫无疑问,本文形成的文献结构,不仅对于理解西方国家利益集团竞争机制,而且对于理解市场竞争本质进而理解中国制度转型,均提供了一个新的理论视角。     

谁该居住廉租房

廉租房作为我国解决城市住房困难家庭住房的一种方式，政府出台了很多相关政策，它已经在我们国家缓慢发展起来，但也存在很多问题有待解决，本文将对谁住房困难、为什么困难、他们为什么应该成为廉租房的保障对象做一个探讨。     

Residential segregation influences on the likelihood of black and white self-employment

This paper estimates a model of potential to enter self-employment based on individual, household and community-level factors. This paper focuses on the impact of segregation on the likelihood of black and white working-age adults to be self-employed workers rather than wage or salary workers. A multi-level analysis combined answers of over 400,000 respondents to the 1990 and 2000 Integrated Public Use Micro Sample (IPUMS) [Ruggles, S., Sobek, M., Alexander, T., Fitch, C., Goeken, R., Hall, P., King, M., Ronnander, C., 2004. Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 3.0 [Machine-readable database]. Minnesota Population Center [producer and distributor], Minneapolis, MN] with structural measures from 327 metropolitan areas from the U.S. Census Bureau's Housing Patterns files [Iceland, J., Weinberg, D., Steinmetz, E., 2002. Racial and ethnic residential segregation in the United States, 1980–2000. Special Report Series, CENSR no.3, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC] to test the influence of each segregation process. The two residential segregation processes (relative clustering and exposure) were found to limit and enhance potential entry into self-employment, but in unique ways for each group.     

Accounting and Medicine: An Exploratory Investigation into Physicians’ Attitudes Toward the Use of Standard Cost-Accounting Methods in Medicine

Research studies demonstrate wide variation in how physicians diagnose and treat patients with similar medical conditions and suggest that at least some of the variation reflects inefficiencies and unnecessary medical costs. Health care researchers are actively examining ways to reduce variations in practice through standardization of medicine to reduce the cost of treatment and ensure the quality of outcomes. The most widely accepted form of this standardization is Evidence Based Best Practices (EBBP). Furthermore, financial health care providers such as hospitals and managed care organizations are investigating methods to tie resource usage to medical protocols in their efforts to monitor and control health care costs. Such proposals are contentious because they report on physicians’ medical practice behaviors (such as the number of tests ordered, use of specific therapies, etc.) and such reports could potentially be used to influence their clinical behaviors. The intent of this exploratory study was to examine physicians’ perceptions about linking a standard costing system to EBBP guidelines. The authors interviewed nine practicing physicians asking each physician to respond to the question, ‘As a physician working in a hospital environment, what are your reactions to and concerns with combining standard costing techniques with EBBP?’ The interviews were in-depth and free form in nature. The physicians’ responses were recorded and analyzed using Grounded Theory Methodology. Using this methodology the field data was categorized into two major themes. The most important theme centered on ethics and the second theme was concerned with the implementation and use of a standard cost system in regard to EBBP. If physicians’ worries about ethical dilemmas and implementation issues are not resolved, then it is likely that doctors would be unwilling to participate in any efforts to develop or use a standard cost-reporting system in medicine. While this study was exploratory in nature, it should provide future guidance to accountants, health care researchers and health care providers about physicians’ issues with the use of standard costing methods in medicine.     

我国经济转型时期城镇消费阶层研究

本文认为,深入研究和剖析经济转型时期的消费阶层,根据各阶层消费者的行为特点选择相关的政策和策略,已经成为保持国民经济持续、协调、健康发展的重要保障。文章提出,以马克思的阶层理论为指导,以居民的经济收入水平标准,可以把我国经济转型期的消费者划分为三种类型即低消费阶层、中消费阶层和高消费阶层;我国消费阶层结构具有鲜明特征:一是消费阶层结构的重叠性导致消费阶层新元素的出现;二是各消费阶层消费者的构成趋于多元化,各消费者之间的差异性显著增加;三是每个消费阶层都有了多种成分;四是各消费阶层消费者的数量分布呈现出不平衡性。     

Strategic groups in the hospitality industry: Intergroup and intragroup performance differences in Alicante, Spain

The hotel sector is currently immersed in a very uncertain, highly competitive environment, due to which it needs information for the correct management of its establishments. This information can be obtained from the classification of hotels in strategic groups. The present empirical research presents strategic groups in the hospitality industry as a useful tool for the planning and implementation of strategies by hotels that helps to determine their competitive strategies and advantages. This research paper additionally shows how the levels of performance between the hotels belonging to each group can be evaluated from strategic groups. In this study, the tool is applied to the hotel sector of the Spanish province of Alicante, a very important geographical area in the context of international tourism. The dimensions resource commitment and tourist activity scope have been used to define the strategic groups.     

我国运用“合规性”贸易壁垒的政治经济分析

“合规性”贸易壁垒是保护本国产业和市场的有效手段,但是如果运用不当也会损害国家的政治和经济利益,通过建立适合我国的“合规性”贸易壁垒的政治经济模型,并对模型进行详细分析,研究发展中国家如何对“合规性”贸易壁垒进行合理的运用,以达到政治利益和经济利益的统一。     

Cash holdings and business group membership

This study examines the cash policies of business group members (i.e., affiliates). Using a panel dataset of private Belgian affiliates and comparable non-affiliated firms, the empirical results show that business group affiliates hold significantly smaller amounts of cash as compared to non-affiliated firms. This finding is consistent with the notion that affiliates can afford to keep lower cash reserves because these firms can access the internal capital market of the group. The analysis also combines affiliate level and group level data to evaluate cash drivers and shows that groups in financial distress reduce cash holdings in affiliates. However, affiliates that are more important for the group's reputation and operations maintain cash levels comparable to affiliates belonging to financially healthy groups.     

分税制财政体制改革中的利益集团博弈研究

改革开放以来,尤其是中国共产党十八届三中全会召开前后,在财政体制改革过程中,存在着各种利益集团之间错综复杂的博弈问题。本文将以博弈论为主要的分析工具,运用实证分析法来研究完善分税制财政体制过程中的利益集团博弈问题。首先概括性地阐述我国分税制财政体制中的利益集团博弈问题。然而具体分析各种利益集团的博弈问题。从取得财政收入方面来说,主要是处理好税收征纳双方的博弈问题;从支出财政资金层面讲,则是处理好政府各个职能部门之间的博弈关系。由此在深化财政体制改革的过程中,我们必须妥善处理好中央与地方,国家、企业与个人,税收征纳双方,政府各个职能部门等利益集团之间错综复杂的利害关系。激发全社会各方面的活力,使得众多利益集团创造社会财富的源泉动力充分地涌流。目的是完善分税制财政体制,构建与市场经济相适应的现代财政制度。     

Consumer perceptions of risks of chemical and microbiological contaminants associated with food chains: a cross-national study

The development and implementation of effective systems to identify vulnerabilities in food chains to chemical and microbiological contaminants must take account of consumer priorities and preferences. The present investigation attempted to understand consumer perceptions associated with chemical and microbiological contaminants in four specific food chains (drinking water, farmed salmon, chicken and milk powder). To this end, ten focus group discussions were held in five different countries (Poland, Ireland, the Netherlands, France and Brazil). Consumers expressed higher concerns about chemical, as compared with microbial, contaminants. Chemical contaminants were more strongly associated with the potential for severe consequences, long-term effects and lack of personal control. Traceability was considered by consumers as a useful tool that offers the potential to improve consumer confidence in food safety.