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41.
42.
财政收支划分是财政管理体制的重要组成部分.在市场经济体制下,财政收支划分立法有利于政府职能的履行和公共财政的运行,是完善分税制财政管理体制的丛然要求.完整的财政收支划分法律制度应当由财政级次划分、财政收支分类、财政支出划分和财政收入划分等制度构成. 相似文献
43.
Paul Ekins 《Environmental and Resource Economics》1995,6(3):231-277
One approach to the economic analysis of global warming seeks to balance the costs of damage from or adaptation to it with the costs of mitigating it. The costs of adaptation and damage have been estimated using techniques of environmental evaluation, but are subject to a wide margin of uncertainty. The costs of mitigation, principally by reducing the emissions of CO2, have been estimated using different kinds of economic models, some of the results of which have suggested that very little abatement of carbon emissions is justified before the costs of abatement exceed the benefits of it in terms of foregone damage and adaptation costs. The paper analyses the extent to which this conclusion is a function of the modelling assumptions and techniques used, rather than likely practical outcomes, with regard to the models' treatment of unemployed resources, revenue recycling, prior distortions in the economy due to the tax system and possible dynamic effects from the introduction of a carbon-energy tax. It concludes that, with different and arguably more appropriate treatment of the above issues, especially when the secondary benefits of reducing CO2 emissions are also taken into account, it is not clear that even substantial reductions in the use of fossil fuels will incur net costs, especially if there is the prospect of even moderate costs from global warming. 相似文献
44.
ABSTRACT This paper offers the Introduction to the Special Issue “Economic and Financial Governance in the European Union after a decade of Economic and Political Crises.” We introduce the five papers. We distill three important lessons they offer for EU integration. 相似文献
45.
In the EURURALIS project, a chain of models was used to predict the changes in sustainable development indicators for European human well-being, ecology and economy issues, for four alternative scenarios of the future socio-economic development. This paper describes the biodiversity analysis of the project. Models based on general relationships between environmental factors and biodiversity loss were combined with socio-economic, land-use and environmental models to derive data that were integrated into an interactive tool for policy makers. The biodiversity analysis takes into account the effects of land-use change, climate change, fragmentation by major roads, area of unfragmented patches, nitrogen deposition, forestry and disturbance. Results show that biodiversity is projected to decrease between now and 2030 in most countries for all scenarios, indicating that it is unlikely that the EU will be able to fulfill its commitment to stop biodiversity loss by 2010. This is mainly due to urbanization and increase in stress factors, and outweighs the area increase of nature arising from land abandonment. Merits, limitations and uncertainties of this approach to biodiversity assessment are discussed. 相似文献
46.
Summary. In this paper, we establish the most possilbe general formulation of the technology governing carbon-gas emission, giving
rise to global external diseconomies, and ty to explore into the strategic interactions,both domestic and international, when
an individual country decides on the environmental policies. Through the comparison among emission taxes, quotas, and standard
in the perfectly competitive private economies, we find that the first two policies are equivalent but they are different
in effects by virtue of what we may call the tax-exemption effect of emission standards. Such a difference in the policy effect
further affects the other country's welfare through the global externalities, amplified through whether the government can
precommit to either the emission tax or the emission standard.
Received: January 16, 2001; revised version: April 16, 2002
RID="*"
ID="*" The authors thank the valuable comments by an anonymous referee. Ministry of Education and Science for its financial
support is also greatly acknowledged.
Correspondence to:K. Kiyono 相似文献
47.
公司理财的新标准——利益相关者满意度 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
现代公司是多元契约关系的总和,各利益相关者都有其自身的利益追求。满足各利益相关者的利益要求,既是公司理财的任务、过程,也是公司理财要追求的结果。我本文提出从资本增值标准、信用标准、客户标准、社会标准、员工福利标准等方面考虑设计各利益相关者满意的理财标准。本文认为足够的现金流量是实现利益相关者满意的前提。利益协调机制是实现利益相关者满意的主要制度安排。 相似文献
48.
集团公司财务管理模式设计的探讨 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
本文在集团公司财务管理模式相关文献综述的基础上,提出了研究设计的框架,并据此阐述了财务管理的一般模式,分析了企业集团财务管理模式选择的影响因素,最后给出了集团公司财务管理模式的设计,以其对企业集团财务管理的实践提供指导意义。 相似文献
49.
城市危机管理模式新探 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
城市是各种危机最频发的地区,我国城市的危机管理形势非常严峻.在充分研究城市公共危机的表现形式和基本特点的基础上,积极探讨城市危机管理模式的转换,从法律体系、中枢指挥系统、信息管理系统、预警系统、社会联动机制等方面进行机制创新. 相似文献
50.
We study the distribution of basic scientific research across countries and time, and explain the process that resulted in
the United States becoming the undisputed leader in basic research. Our study is based on the records of scientific awards,
and on the data of global economic trends. We investigate the degree to which scale/threshold effects account for the number
of prizes won. We constructed a stylized model, predicting a non-linear relationship with lagged relative GDP as an important
explanatory variable of a country’s share of prizes. Our empirical research findings find support for these predictions and
the presence of a “winner-takes-all” effect.
相似文献