House Prices and Stock Prices: Different Roles in the US Monetary Transmission Mechanism*

We analyze the role of house prices and stock prices in the monetary‐policy transmission mechanism in the US, using a structural vector autoregressive model. If we allow the interest rate and asset prices to react simultaneously to news, we find different roles for house prices and stock prices in the monetary transmission mechanism. Following a contractionary monetary‐policy shock, stock prices fall immediately, while the response in house prices is more gradual. Regarding the systematic response in monetary policy, stock prices play a more important role than house prices. As a consequence, house prices contribute more than stock prices to fluctuations in gross domestic product and inflation.     

What moves housing markets: A variance decomposition of the rent–price ratio

We apply the dynamic Gordon growth model to the housing market in 23 US metropolitan areas, the four Census regions, and the nation from 1975 to 2007. The model allows the rent–price ratio at each date to be split into the expected present discounted values of rent growth, real interest rates, and a housing premium over real rates. We show that housing premia are variable and forecastable and account for a significant fraction of rent–price ratio volatility at the national and local levels, and that covariances among the three components damp fluctuations in rent–price ratios. Thus, explanations of house-price dynamics that focus only on interest rate movements and ignore these covariances can be misleading. These results are similar to those found for stocks and bonds.     

Determinants of residential water demand in Germany

We econometrically analyze the impact of several economic, environmental and social determinants for the per capita demand for water in about 600 water supply areas in Germany. Besides prices, income and household size, we consider the effects of population age, the share of wells, housing patterns, precipitation and temperature. We also explore why current per capita residential water consumption in the new federal states is about 30% lower than in the old federal states. Since average cost pricing may cause an endogeneity problem, we apply instrumental-variable procedures in addition to single equation ordinary least squares, but find no evidence that prices are endogenous. Our estimation results suggest that the price elasticity of water demand in Germany is around − 0.24. The income elasticity is positive, decreases with higher income levels and is at least three times higher in the new federal states than in the old federal states. Current differences in prices and income levels explain about one third of the gap in residential water use between the two regions. Household size and the share of wells have a negative impact on per capita water demand, and water use increases with age. Finally, the findings provide some evidence that rainfall patterns rather than total rainfall affect water consumption, while temperature appears to have no impact at all. All outcomes are robust to a log-log and two types of semi-log specifications for the water demand function.     

CAPITALIZATION OF GOVERNMENT SUPPORT IN AGRICULTURAL LAND PRICES: WHAT DO WE KNOW?

Abstract.  The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of existing literature, both theoretically and empirically, on the extent to which agricultural subsidies do translate into higher land values and rents and finally benefit landowners instead of agricultural producers. Our review shows that agricultural support policy instruments contribute to increasing the rental price of farmland, and that the extent of this increase closely depends on the level of the supply price elasticity of farmland relative to those of other factors/inputs on the one hand, and on the range of the possibilities of factor/input substitution in agricultural production on the other hand. The empirical literature shows that land prices and rents have in general a significant positive and inelastic response to government support. Such inelastic response is thought to reflect the uncertain future of the farm programmes. And in general, studies have indicated that land prices are more responsive to government-based returns than to market-based returns.     

Competition in the stock market with asymmetric information

We build a game theoretical model to examine how the level of information advantage of insiders and the competition between insiders and sophisticated investors affect stock price movements and traders’ trading strategies and profits. We show that the competition between insiders and sophisticated investors can reduce the losses of less sophisticated investors, and thus alleviates the disadvantaged position of the less sophisticated investors. Further, traders’ profits are affected by the accuracy of insiders’ private information, and the number of days that insiders have obtained the information in advance. These findings show the importance of information transparency and the role of sophisticated investors in limiting insiders’ trading advantages and mitigating the expropriation of investors by insiders.     

一种新的利用网络爬虫技术的土地价格指数编制方法

研究目标：目前有关中国土地价格指数的研究没有考虑不可观测特征的影响,本文给出一种可以控制不可观测特征的土地价格指数编制方法。[HTH]研究方法：通过结合传统的特征价格模型和重复交易模型,提出固定地理单元并利用组内差分以控制地块不可观测特征,提出了一种新的土地价格指数编制方法。[HTH]研究发现：[HTF][STBZ][WTBZ]以上海为例讨论了分类土地价格指数,研究发现从2008~2015年,上海同质住宅用地价格上升了359.92%,同质工业用地和商服用地价格的涨幅分别为101%和107%。[HTH]研究创新：利用网络爬虫技术收集微观土地交易数据,为指数的编制提供了数据基础。[HTH]研究价值：该方法能够捕捉地块所在的特殊位置对于其价格的影响。     

Price connectedness between green bond and financial markets

We study price connectedness between the green bond and financial markets using a structural vector autoregressive (VAR) model that captures direct and indirect transmission of financial shocks across markets. Using heteroskedasticity to identify the structural VAR model parameters, our empirical findings reveal that the green bond market is closely linked to the fixed-income and currency markets, receiving sizeable price spillovers from those markets and transmitting negligible reverse effects. We also show that, in contrast, the green bond market is weakly tied to the stock, energy and high-yield corporate bond markets. These findings have implications in terms of portfolio and risk management decisions for environmentally aware investors holding positions in green bonds.     

中三角城市群与长三角城市群市场一体化及影响因素比较研究

采用相对价格法和1 246组城市对数据,对1999-2013年中三角城市群和长三角城市群市场一体化程度进行测度与比较分析,运用熵权法构建了复合指标和固定效应模型,对两大城市群市场一体化影响因素进行了实证研究。结果显示：近15年来,两大城市群市场一体化水平均呈上升趋势,但中三角城市群市场一体化水平和进程均滞后于长三角城市群;地方保护主义、经济外向度和交通基础设施是影响两大城市群市场一体化的共同因素。其中,地方保护主义和经济外向度是两大城市群市场一体化的主要障碍,而交通基础设施有利于促进两大城市群市场一体化;信息通达度、经济发展水平和城镇化水平是影响两大城市群市场一体化的差异化因素。其中,经济发展水平和城镇化水平制约了中三角城市群市场一体化,却促进了长三角城市群市场一体化,信息通达度阻碍了长三角城市群市场一体化,却促进了中三角城市群市场一体化。     

中国认购权证市场价格偏差的实证研究

随着股权分置改革,中国的A股权证被再次推出,它的诞生丰富了投资者的交易品种,对建立多层次多维度的资本市场发挥了积极的作用.但是中国的A股权证市场仍存在诸多问题,实际价格偏离理论价格的现象司空见惯,其交易品种与交易规模不对称的现象也一直伴随着A股权证市场的发展.基于业内与学术界对A股权证价格偏差的困惑,本文利用混合回归模型和面板数据模型的实证方法,对认购权证市场价格偏差的研究发现,投资者对认购权证的频繁操作和投机炒作是导致价格偏差的重要原因,并且认购权证的创设制度对于抑制价格偏差的作用非常有限.此外,本文结合研究的实证结果,从创新A股权证产品和完善市场交易制度的角度,提出了完善和发展中国A股权证市场的政策建议.