我国城市公共空间建设问题检讨--基于城镇化质量的分析视角

良好的城市公共空间可以有效提升居民生活品质、塑造公共意识、促进产城融合,因而成为城镇化质量高低的重要体现。人与地、人与人的和谐以及“人的现代化”是城镇化质量的应有之义。据此评判,我国城市公共空间建设还存在一系列问题,主要表现为：规划理念落后,供求矛盾突出;追求宏大平整,破坏自然肌理;割裂历史文脉,丧失文化个性;突出审美价值,忽视人文关怀;排斥弱势群体,加剧社会隔离等。据此,政府应把政策干预的重点放在四个方面,即挖掘私人资本与资源,构建完善的公共空间体系;增强文化自觉与自信,形成个性鲜明的公共空间;转变设计理念,强化公共空间的人文关怀;发挥非政府机构作用,建立公共空间的大众参与机制。     

公共部门人力资源管理绩效考核初探

公共部门作为向国家和社会输送公共物资以及相关公共服务的机构,在完善社会管理、优化资源分配、改善生活条件等方面有着至关重要的作用。通过对公共部门人力资源绩效考核的特点和难点的分析,找出问题所在,对症下药。以人力资源绩效考核相关理论为基础,对公共部门人力资源绩效考核存在的问题深入分析,为完善公共部门人力资源绩效考核的实践提供参考。     

To settle or protect? A global analysis of net primary production in parks and urban areas

We test—at the global scale—the hypothesis that human beings tend to build settlements in areas of high biological productivity, and protect (as parks) areas of low productivity. Furthermore, we propose an alternative measure of the extent and effectiveness of the global protected areas network based on potential net primary production (NPP₀). The average NPP₀ in urban areas and parks is calculated and compared to the average NPP₀ of the geopolitical regions and biomes containing these areas. Additionally, human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) in parks is used as an indicator of the effectiveness of these protected areas. We find that in almost all regions of the world, humans have chosen to settle in the most productive areas. At the global scale, urban areas have considerably higher NPP₀ (592 g Cm^− 2 yr^− 1) than the global average (494 g Cm^− 2 yr^− 1), while parks have roughly average NPP₀ (490 g Cm^− 2 yr^− 1). Parks with an IUCN category of I-VI account for 9.5% of the planet's terrestrial NPP₀, compared to 9.6% of its terrestrial area. Although protected area and protected NPP₀ are nearly equal, this equivalence is diminished by HANPP within parks. Globally, the average HANPP in all protected areas is 14% of their NPP₀, and HANPP within parks increases as the park management category becomes less restrictive. Moreover, we find a positive correlation between HANPP in parks and the extent of urbanization in the surrounding region and biome. Area-based targets for conservation provide no information on either the quality of the areas we choose to protect, or the effectiveness of that protection. We conclude that NPP₀ and HANPP may provide an additional, useful tool for assessing the extent and effectiveness of the global protected areas network.     

A two-country dynamic Heckscher–Ohlin model with physical and human capital accumulation

We study a two-country endogenous growth model in which the long-run growth is propelled by the accumulation of physical and human capital. We show that in the integrated world economy, there exists a unique and locally saddlepoint stable balanced growth equilibrium. We also show that the incorporation of adjustment costs in the process of human capital accumulation leads to a lower long-run growth rate. We then show that, in the 2-country world economy with international trade, balanced growth is possible. Finally, we present a dynamic Heckscher–Ohlin theorem concerning the pattern of international trade. We appreciate the constructive comments from an anonymous referee which have improved this paper significantly. We acknowledge also with gratitude the valuable comments of Hideyuki Adachi, Kosuke Aoki, Daniel Bernhofen, Eric Bond, Koichi Futagami, Ronald Jones, Tamotsu Nakamura and Raymond Riezman on earlier versions. We appreciate also the beneficial comments from the participants of the GEP conference on New Directions in International Trade Theory held in the University of Nottingham and of the Adachi OB Workshop in Kobe University.     

Reconciling Kuznets and Habbakuk in a unified growth theory

Economic historians have debated the relative labor productivity of the United States agricultural and nonagricultural sectors during the nineteenth century. David (Discussion papers in economic and social history, University of Oxford, 1996) offers a reconciliation of the opposing views by suggesting that while productivity per hour worked in agriculture was comparable to productivity in other sectors, the number of hours worked per year was relatively low, creating a large gap in annual output per worker across sectors. We model and extend a version of Davis’s reconciliation within a unified growth theory that makes connections between the decline in traditional agriculture and several other features of United States development. The dynamic general equilibrium model is consistent with the structural transformation having minor direct and indirect effects on aggregate labor productivity per hour, but substantial effects on aggregate labor productivity per worker. The model also provides a close match to the trends in schooling, fertility, rates of return to physical capital, and labor productivity growth in the nineteenth century.      

低人力资本回报能否驱动产业结构演化升级——兼论国际金融危机对中国制造业自主创新的影响

国际金融危机对发展中转型国家的产业影响主要表现在传统劳动密集型加工制造业面临新的生存危机.这一方面是由于国际金融危机引发的国际贸易保护主义导致外贸出口额大幅缩减,但更为主要的是发展中转型国家传统劳动密集型加工制造业自身所处的国际低端产业价值链所致.实现制造业产业结构演化升级必须依赖自主创新.本文通过实证检验发现人力资本回报过低是目前制约处于转型期的中国产业结构演化升级的主要瓶颈.为此,必须利用国际金融危机淘汰竞争时手的效应,尽快提高国民的人力资本报酬,实现自主创新,推动产业结构演化升级,增强国家先进制造业的产业竞争力.     

Towards a systemic development approach: Building on the Human-Scale Development paradigm

Since its inception, the scope of inquiry within modern economics has been overall reduced to the chrematistic, market-centred dimension of the economic process. This has been reflected in the very way it shaped the modern idea of development which, more and more, has been represented in monetary terms to the point of being equated to chrematistic growth altogether. This reductionism has been severely criticized for various reasons, mostly related to the ignorance of the complex, multidimensional, social, cultural and psychological motives and aspirations of human beings, ignoring as well crucial environmental and ecological dimensions within and by means of which the economic process unfolds. One fundamental early contribution to the re-conceptualization of the economic development process in terms of well-being from a systemic perspective came about with the Human-Scale development approach (H-SD) in the 1980s. Central to this paradigm is a systemic re-conceptualization of human needs and an attempt to place this discussion at the centre of the development debate. It suggested a recovery of the oikonomy in its original classical meaning, as a means for achieving better well-being beyond the chrematistics narrow scope. This theory presents a very wide outlook for its theoretical and practical applications and in this paper we will try to build on H-SD's original contribution. We begin this by briefly outlining what can be termed the chrematistic turn within both modern economics' theory and practice at the dawn of modern capitalism. In the second section the main aspects of the H-SD approach are briefly presented and discussed. The last sections are devoted to propose some methodological extensions to the original H-SD version suggesting innovative ways of enlarging its scope through the development and improvement of its evaluation tools. Thereby we hope to enhance its application within its traditional context as well as indicating means for applying it to other fields as development policies, strategies or eventually, appraisal of new technologies.     

主管承诺与员工敬业度关系的实证研究

本文首先对主管承诺与员工敬业度以往的研究成果进行了系统的梳理,在此基础上,提出了本文的研究假设.接着,在已有的主管承诺和员工敬业度量表的基础上,通过对长三角地区多家企业的MBA学员进行深度访谈,设计出主管承诺和员工敬业度的调查问卷.通过因子分析得到主管承诺与员工敬业度的分析结果,此结果与先前假设的维度完全一致.随后,就主管承诺对员工敬业度的影响作了回归分析,发现其五个因子对员工敬业度的六个维度有不同程度的显著影响.最后,根据回归分析的结果,归纳出主管承诺对员工敬业度影响的关系模型.由此模型,根据关注下属员工敬业度方面的侧重点不同,主管便可以采取不同的方式,提高员工某方面的主管承诺,进而提高其在相应方面的敬业水平.     

人力资本对我国全要素生产率增长作用的空间计量研究

通过构建距离衰减的空间权重矩阵,利用空间Benhabib-Spiegel模型探讨人力资本空间溢出对全要素生产率增长的影响,结果表明:人力资本对全要素生产率增长的作用取决于考察省区人力资本水平、邻近省区人力资本水平,以及考虑地理距离的考察省区技术追赶效应;人力资本平均水平对全要素生产率增长起到积极的促进作用,邻近省区人力资本对考察地区TFP增长产生正向空间溢出效应。各省区若要充分发挥人力资本的空间溢出效应,就必须选择均衡适度的人力资本配置结构。     

严复自由主义经济思想的哲学思辨

严复借助于经济人模式和建立自由主义经济的思路,重新解读人性和人的存在,解构了传统人性论生物性与社会性对立的思维,并由抽象的人性观照转向关注人的个体性,使对人的理解,由传统的群体本位转向个体本位.在自由主义经济的语境中重构价值理念,肯定了两利基础上利益追求的舍道德性与合人性.确立利益主体与权力主体合一的主体意识,引发利益基础上人权的制度诉求.