二元经济条件下的结构调整与经济增长

产值与就业结构的调整究竟是经济增长的结果还是原因?为回答这一问题,本文提出了一个内生农业技术进步的二元经济增长模型,分析了农业技术进步、劳动转移、资本积累在二元经济增长中的相互关系.对该模型的分析表明,虽然结构变化与经济增长存在着密切的关系,但只有总量的高增长率才能导致经济结构的高变换率,因此结构变化并不能成为经济增长的原因.推动经济增长乃至于结构调整的主要因素是技术进步,而人力资本则是影响技术进步的主要因素,在这个意义上,我们认为提高人力资本的平均水平是实现结构调整与经济增长的根本途径.     

外资对人力资本积累的作用

人力资本与外资之间是相互影响、相互作用的关系.人力资本的水平对于外资的吸引作用受到了人们的充分重视,但是外资对于人力资本积累的作用则为人们有意无意地忽略.其实,外资可以通过多种渠道影响人力资本的积累.本文的实证结果表明,外资对于人力资本积累的影响是显著的.外资对于人力资本的积累作用不容忽视.     

Efficiency evaluation of Brazilian airlines operations considering the Covid-19 outbreak

In this paper we evaluate the operational efficiency of the Brazilian airlines considering the novel coronavirus Covid-19 outbreak. This novel coronavirus was first reported end of 2019 in Wuhan, China, however the powerful contamination spread among people forced the World Health Organization to characterize the Covid-19 as a pandemic in March of 2020. Here we analyze the main Brazilian airlines operations response due to lower demand because Covid-19 outbreak in first quarter of 2020 comparing with first quarter of 2019. The analysis here aims to verify the efficiency of airlines in domestic air transport market in Brazil through Multicriteria Data Envelopment Analysis (MCDEA) model. We used MCDEA to avoid limitations of classical DEA models for the case, especially the numbers of decision units and variable. In this paper we used an improvement of the MCDEA model to seek benchmarks considering a dual model all objective functions of MCDEA. The results highlight the challenges for the airlines, due to flight restriction and demand dropping. And also, the evaluation exposes the different company configuration of aircrafts age and network reconfiguration which was reflected by the efficiency difference on the period. The assessment shows the company with a better mix of aircraft models has a leverage on efficiency response due to unpredictable period as the pandemic Covid-19 outbreak.     

Tourism specialization,economic growth,human development and transition economies: The case of Poland

This study examines the relationship between tourism specialization economic growth, and human development in a transition economy. It proffers a conceptual link between tourism specialization and human development through a division of labor framework. Dynamic comparative advantage, Sen's capability approach, and the translog production function characterize the conceptual relationship. The Limited Information Maximum Likelihood (LIML) estimates this relationship's nature in the case of Poland. Tourism specialization has a short-term effect on economic growth and a negative and indirect link to human development. Economic growth seems the channel that supports human development expansion, indicating short- and long-term significant, positive effects. Human capital reveals a U- shape pattern in its relationship with economic growth and human development. The study's implications are two testable propositions and two policy options suggesting tourism specialization's potential impact on private and public incomes, which are relevant developmental channels in transition economies.     

Big data? Big deal: Searching for big data’s performance effects in HR

Big data continues to gather increasing interest in the business press as well as within the management literature. While this interest has spilled over into the realm of human resources (HR) management, solid evidence of its positive performance impacts is lacking. I explore three possibilities for this lack of evidence: (1) HR possesses big data but largely lacks the ability to use it; (2) HR does not actually possess big data; and (3) big data is generating value for HR and positively affects organizational performance, but the winners in the race to utilize big data in HR are not publicizing their successes. Following this, I discuss current forms of big data implementation, highlighting an evolutionary progression of implementations in various settings and emphasizing the importance of balancing deductive with inductive analytical approaches. Finally, I discuss conditions under which big data may hold greater value for the HR function, and I suggest ways managers and organizations can make the most of big data.     

风险投资家人力资本特征与风险投资基金募集关系研究

风险投资家人力资本特征与其基金募集结果密切相关。以145个风险投资募资团队和252个募资团队领导者为研究样本，分析人力资本特征与风险投资基金募资结果的关系。结果发现，募资规模与募资团队海外背景、整体教育程度显著正相关，与募资团队平均任期显著负相关，与团队领导者海外背景、管理职业背景显著正相关；募资团队海外背景显著有利于外资基金募集；募资团队整体人力资本特征对基金募集的影响高于团队领导者人力资本特质。该成果拓展了对风险投资基金募集的研究，为风险投资机构培养与选拔募资人才及团队提供了理论依据。     

后疫情时代人力资源数字技能培养与镜鉴

疫情时代,加快数字化发展已出现在“十四五”规划中。当前处在提升人力资本水平,拓展人口质量红利的重要时刻,人力资源的数字技能培养迫在眉睫。欧盟提出的数字技能培养政策、措施内容,在主要经济体中较为系统,且兼顾前瞻性与公平性。综合来看,其未来实施路径主要包括以提升基本数字技能应对短期变化,以培养高级数字技能迎接未来挑战,多措并举缩小“数字鸿沟”全面提升人口数字素养等,可以为我国在“十四五”及未来一段时期开展数字技能培养,发挥人才红利提供借鉴与启示。     

Harnessing artificial intelligence (AI) to increase wellbeing for all: The case for a new technology diplomacy

The field of artificial intelligence (AI) is experiencing a period of intense progress due to the consolidation of several key technological enablers. AI is already deployed widely and has a high impact on work and daily life activities. The continuation of this process will likely contribute to deep economic and social changes. To realise the tremendous benefits of AI while mitigating undesirable effects will require enlightened responses by many stakeholders. Varying national institutional, economic, political, and cultural conditions will influence how AI will affect convenience, efficiency, personalisation, privacy protection, and surveillance of citizens. Many expect that the winners of the AI development race will dominate the coming decades economically and geopolitically, potentially exacerbating tensions between countries. Moreover, nations are under pressure to protect their citizens and their interests—and even their own political stability—in the face of possible malicious or biased uses of AI. On the one hand, these different stressors and emphases in AI development and deployment among nations risk a fragmentation between world regions that threatens technology evolution and collaboration. On the other hand, some level of differentiation will likely enrich the global AI ecosystem in ways that stimulate innovation and introduce competitive checks and balances through the decentralisation of AI development. International cooperation, typically orchestrated by intergovernmental and non-governmental organisations, private sector initiatives, and by academic researchers, has improved common welfare and avoided undesirable outcomes in other technology areas. Because AI will most likely have more fundamental effects on our lives than other recent technologies, stronger forms of cooperation that address broader policy and governance challenges in addition to regulatory and technological issues may be needed. At a time of great challenges among nations, international policy coordination remains a necessary instrument to tackle the ethical, cultural, economic, and political repercussions of AI. We propose to advance the emerging concept of technology diplomacy to facilitate the global alignment of AI policy and governance and create a vibrant AI innovation system. We argue that the prevention of malicious uses of AI and the enhancement of human welfare create strong common interests across jurisdictions that require sustained efforts to develop better, mutually beneficial approaches. We hope that new technology diplomacy will facilitate the dialogues necessary to help all interested parties develop a shared understanding and coordinate efforts to utilise AI for the benefit of humanity, a task whose difficulty should not be underestimated.     

Effects of hotel website photograph size and human images on perceived transportation and behavioral intentions

Travelers have been shown to use the Internet as their primary source of information for locating and booking hotel accommodation, while various website dimensions have been known to influence consumer behavior. Yet, there is no consistency in the way that hotels display their website photographs, especially in relation to photograph size and content, and few studies have investigated this important domain. This study examines the influence of hotel websites’ pictorial information (i.e., photograph sizes and human images) on perceived transportation, booking intentions and willingness to pay more. Analyzing 247 responses with structural equation modeling, large photographs increase transportation, which, in turn, increases booking intention and willingness to pay more. Large photographs are most effective when human presence is absent, while the effect of small photographs is improved with human presence. This study extends transportation theory by demonstrating that transportation can occur in non-narrative scenarios, specifically through photographic images.     

Revisiting human capital and aggregate income differences

We revisit human capital and development accounting. In quantifying human capital, we split it into three components; schooling (years of education), cognitive skills (as proxied by test score results), and a health indicator (for which adult survival rates are used). Our calculations are reported for a substantive cross-section of countries for the year 2000. According to our most conservative estimates, the most complete measure of human capital accounts for 19–28% of differences in output per worker across countries, but when excluding the health component this value falls to 17–22%, and further to 13–14% when only considering schooling. We present group comparisons, finding for some regions values as large as 40–50%.