Power,policy networks and planning: the involvement of major grocery retailers in the formulation of Planning Policy Guidance Note 6 since 1988

This paper explores a neglected issue in the study of retail strategy and store location by considering the nature of policy networks operating at the interface between retailers and central government. It argues that informal networks, coupled with the economic power of retailers and the legitimization of their activities with reference to the 'consumer interest', have served to provide retailers with an influential avenue through which they can exert power over the nature of the regulatory environment within which they operate. The paper considers the limited extant 'evidence' of the operation of such networks before moving on to outline the results of a case study. The case study reflects on new store development in the UK grocery sector since 1988 as a backdrop to an analysis of the form of policy networks operating at the interface between government departments and retail organizations. It also explores the role of other stakeholders in this process. The existence of a number of such networks is described and their role explored with reference to the involvement of retailers in the formulation and evolution of Planning Policy Guidance Note 6 on retail development.     

六西格玛管理方法在化纤生产中的应用

运用六西格玛管理方法,通过数据积累和统计分析,找出了影响前纺卷绕断大头和成品优等品率的主要因素,使用相关分析工具,对关键参数进行过程能力对比分析,找到了解决问题的有效途径,循此途径解决问题后,提高了产品质量,增加了经济效益.     

Two new proofs of Afriat’s theorem

Summary. We provide two new, simple proofs of Afriats celebrated theorem stating that a finite set of price-quantity observations is consistent with utility maximization if, and only if, the observations satisfy a variation of the Strong Axiom of Revealed Preference known as the Generalized Axiom of Revealed PreferenceReceived: 12 June 2003, Revised: 9 October 2003, JEL Classification Numbers: D11, C60.Correspondence to: A. Fostel     

In or out? explaining state shares of the tobacco Master Settlement Agreement

In 1998, 46 states were involved in a Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) with the tobacco industry. The other four states settled on their own. Our goal is to answer a counter factual question: how would these four states have fared had they been included in the MSA? We use data from Viscusi (2002 Viscusi WK (2002) Smoke‐Filled Rooms Chicago University of Chicago Press  [Google Scholar]) to explain settlement shares for states participating in the 1998 tobacco MSA, and to predict settlement shares for the four nonparticipating states. We find that two nonparticipating states (Minnesota and Mississippi) may have fared substantially worse had they been included in the MSA.     

Two Pitfalls of Linearization Methods

This paper illustrates two types of pitfalls when linearization methods are improperly applied. First, if we linearize the constraints before deriving the optimality conditions, the derived conditions are not correct up to first order. Second, even when we obtain the behavior of the economy that is correct to the first order, applying this behavior to welfare implications may lead to incorrect results. We also review different ways to avoid those pitfalls.     

利用先进管理理念 提升现场管理水平

文章对大唐岩滩水力发电有限责任公司推行6S管理的背景进行分析,阐述了6S管理推行的成果和效益,论证了电力企业推行6S管理的重要意义,具有参考价值。     

IL-6在运动干预胰岛素抵抗中的作用综述

胰岛素抵抗（IR）发生于人体生理作用的任何方面,其抵抗机制十分复杂。有研究表明,运动能够改善IR,且在运动过程中骨骼肌所产生的白细胞介素-6（IL-6）可通过调节和控制各组织中的胰岛素作用及抵抗机制,通过不同的方式引起血糖指数、糖脂代谢、身体各组织器官血糖的改变,改善IR。因此,本文针对骨骼肌组织中的IL-6在胰岛素抵抗中的作用及其机制进行了简要综述。     

基于IPv6任播地址解析协议及应用之研究

任播技术是一种新的网络应用。任播通信是支持导向服务地址的,但是目前IPv6中它的很多定义是模糊的,并且在控制路由方面没有达成一致的协议标准,因此节点间任播通信仍然无法实现。该文首先说明了基于IPv6的任播通信,及目前在该领域中存在许多可能的应用,并指出一些问题和与之对应的解决办法,随后介绍了一种使用特殊任播地址来建立TCP连接的任播地址解析协议,使得任播地址在适应已经存在的应用和高层协议时,不需要修改或者扩展的情况下更加有效。     

3G移动通信中的地址分配方案

第三代移动通信包括视频、语音等多种通信业务,在服务质量、服务范围上较第二代移动通信都有了较大进步,很重要的一点就是移动通信网络与IP网络紧密结合在一起,使用统一的网络协议IPV6。网络协议IPV6有海量地址空间等多种特点,适应了3G移动通信向全IP方向发展的要求。在3G移动通信系统中,每一个移动终端可以获得一个全球唯一的IPV6地址,这个地址的分配方法有两个步骤,首先激活PDP,获得一个接口标识,然后进行有状态或者状态的自动地址配置。     

100 YEARS OF TARIFF PROTECTION IN AUSTRALIA

This paper presents time series of tariff rates in Australia from the time of Federation. As a preliminary to the construction of economy-wide series, it constructs series for three broadly representative goods throughout the 100 years: passenger motor vehicles, blankets, and beer. It then constructs two economy-wide series, one for all imports and another for dutiable imports only. It discusses the main events relating to turning points in the series and concludes with some applications.