Selective Distribution,Refusal to Sell and the Monopolies and Mergers Commission

Refusal to sell to ‘unauthorised’ dealers is an integral part of a selective distribution system. Under such a system manufacturers authorise only those dealers meeting their specific requirements. Where the market involved is ‘reasonably competitive’ it is widely recognised that manufacturers, dealers and consumers can gain. The British Monopolies and Mergers Commission (MMC) has been criticised for its interpretation of what constitutes a ‘reasonably competitive’ market. In a recent report into the supply of fine fragrances the issue was again central to its findings that the selective distribution system was not against the public interest. The European Commission has also recently granted exemption from Article 85 for the distribution system operated by the leading firms. We argue that the MMCs analysis of competition was again flawed in this case and that the danger to the consumer and new entrants is compounded by the Europe–wide exemption.     

李清照的男性意识及其成因探析

通过解读李清照的作品,不难看出她颇具男性意识。其男性意识不只流露在作品中,更多地体现在日常行事中。一个人的性格往往决定于遗传、家庭、社会以及时代的影响,李清照亦如此,其男性意识的形成主要取决于父母的遗传与熏陶、丈夫赵明诚的激发、苏轼以及苏门弟子陈师道、晁补之等人的影响,当然也离不开那个特殊时代的裹挟。     

Viability of Traditional Banking Activities: Evidence from Shifts in Conduct and Excess Capacity

This paper applies modem statistical techniques to estimate levels and shifts of market conduct and aggregate excess capacity in the provision of traditional US banking products such as loans and demand deposits. A variety of models indicate that loans are competitively supplied, with no obvious excess capacity as defined. Some models indicate an anticompetitive shift in demand deposits after 1984, but other evidence suggests that this result may be an artifact attributable to the growth of NOW accounts, MMDAs, and the like. All results suggest that the current levels of these services can be profitably sustained under current market conditions.     

Durable Goods and Switching Costs

A simple two–period switching cost model is developed and analyzed assuming durable output. The analysis indicates that many of the conventional managerial implications of the switching cost literature need not hold if products are durable. In particular, the model indicates that managers of durable goods firms that lease or rent output may wish to decrease their customer base (provide service to only a subset of the experienced customers) in future periods, in contrast to the non–durable goods case where the number of customers served is the same. Moreover, the model shows that the optimal behavior of sellers of durable products depends critically upon their commitment ability with buyers, and outlines the conditions under which a manager selling output may rationally expand their customer base (i.e. sell to new customers in a future period).     

李全形象及其在《牡丹亭》中的作用

《牡丹亭》中贼子豪雄李全和他的夫人杨娘娘这两个人代表着作者的一种理想。戏曲中的李全和杨氏娘娘没有做宋朝封的王,到海上去做了海贼。这个结局与戏曲最后作者安排的柳梦梅高中状元,与杜丽娘团圆的结局存在一种对比,体现出作者本人在思想上的矛盾状态,处于出仕还是隐世的挣扎中。作者汤显祖一生仕途坎坷,《牡丹亭》中的李全夫妇的生活态度和生存状态可以看成是作者所追寻探索的一种生存方式。     

“三权分置”背景下宅基地使用权流转的法学视角再审视

研究目的:审视宅基地使用权流转纠纷典型案件,为宅基地"三权分置"改革提供法制化改造路径。研究方法:案例分析法、归纳演绎法。研究结果:司法理论上,现行《物权法》、2004版《土地管理法》以保障农户生存发展权为立法原意,虽将宅基地使用权认定为用益物权,却限制了宅基地收益权能的实现。2019版《土地管理法》虽允许宅基地有偿退出与盘活利用,但框定受让范围与主体也扼制其收益权能的变现;司法实务上,宅基地使用权转让纠纷的裁判结果趋于一致,而农民渴求土地变现并自发流转宅基地的行为,往往会跨出司法审判严格框定的允许范围。研究结论:宅基地"三权分置"是彰显宅基地私益财产属性的可行路径,在立法技术上亟待将宅基地"三权分置"政策言语转换为法律语言,进而在农民集体、农民个人及社会主体间形成三权兼顾的清晰配置格局。     

农村建设用地整治存在问题及对策

农村建设用地整治是土地整治的重要内容,由于缺少专项法律体系约束,农村土地利用规划落后,地方政府忽视城乡统筹发展,农民集体利益遭到侵害和缺少多元融资渠道五大因素影响,现阶段农村建设用地整治出现了一系列问题,影响了农村建设用地整治目标的实现。为此,本文在深入分析农村建设用地整治存在问题的基础上,提出了完善法律法规,加强土地...     

关于"问题与主义"之争的反思

"问题与主义"之争发生在90多前。在这次论战中,针对胡适提出的"多谈些问题,少谈些主义"的改良主义主张,李大钊运用马克思辩证唯物主义原理,结合当时中国社会的实际状况,正确阐述了"问题"与"主义"两者之间的关系,为马克思主义在中国的广泛传播作出了重要贡献,对于今天的思想政治教育工作仍然具有重要的启示。     

李金发与台湾现代诗

李金发是象征派诗歌的先驱和代表人物，他不仅开启了大陆现代主义诗歌的先河，也推动了台湾50－70年代现代诗歌的创作和发展。由于海峡两岸种种异化背景的暗合对接，台湾诗人对李金发诗中的虚无思想、悲观情绪以及丑恶意象产生了共鸣；再加上台湾诗人覃子豪与苏雪林关于诗质“颓废”还是“丰盈”的论争，促使台湾现代诗走向成熟。所以台湾现代诗无论从创作理念，还是从诗歌情绪、审美意味及语言策略都可以看出其与李金发的渊源关系。     

马鞍山李白文化旅游资源开发利用研析

作为李白多次游历地和终老之乡,马鞍山应利用名人效应,打造李白文化城市品牌,大力发展马鞍山旅游事业,促进国民经济持续快速发展。