The characteristics of informed trading: Implications for asset pricing

This paper investigates the linkage of microstructure, accounting, and asset pricing. We determine the relationship between firm characteristics as captured by accounting and market data and a firm's probability of private information-based trade (PIN) as estimated from trade data. This allows us to determine what types of firms have high information risk. We then use these data to create an instrument for PIN, the PPIN, which we can estimate from firm-specific data. We show that PPINs have explanatory power for the cross-section of asset returns in long sample tests. We also investigate whether information risk vitiates the influence of other variables on asset returns. We develop a PPIN factor and show that it dominates the Amihud factor in asset returns. Our results provide strong support for information risk affecting asset returns in long sample tests.     

Predictive density estimators for daily volatility based on the use of realized measures

The main objective of this paper is to propose a feasible, model free estimator of the predictive density of integrated volatility. In this sense, we extend recent papers by Andersen et al. [Andersen, T.G., Bollerslev, T., Diebold, F.X., Labys, P., 2003. Modelling and forecasting realized volatility. Econometrica 71, 579–626], and by Andersen et al. [Andersen, T.G., Bollerslev, T., Meddahi, N., 2004. Analytic evaluation of volatility forecasts. International Economic Review 45, 1079–1110; Andersen, T.G., Bollerslev, T., Meddahi, N., 2005. Correcting the errors: Volatility forecast evaluation using high frequency data and realized volatilities. Econometrica 73, 279–296], who address the issue of pointwise prediction of volatility via ARMA models, based on the use of realized volatility. Our approach is to use a realized volatility measure to construct a non-parametric (kernel) estimator of the predictive density of daily volatility. We show that, by choosing an appropriate realized measure, one can achieve consistent estimation, even in the presence of jumps and microstructure noise in prices. More precisely, we establish that four well known realized measures, i.e. realized volatility, bipower variation, and two measures robust to microstructure noise, satisfy the conditions required for the uniform consistency of our estimator. Furthermore, we outline an alternative simulation based approach to predictive density construction. Finally, we carry out a simulation experiment in order to assess the accuracy of our estimators, and provide an empirical illustration that underscores the importance of using microstructure robust measures when using high frequency data.     

不锈钢盘条扭转性能差异与微观组织分析研究

对不同产地采用相同热轧工艺的不锈钢盘条进行了一系列的扭转试验,通过金相、扫描电镜等分析手段,探讨了不锈钢盘条扭转性能的差异原因与其微观织构的关系。     

A Comparative Study on Interday Market Volatility and Intraday Price Transmission of Nikkei/JGB Futures Markets between Japan and Singapore

Using both daily and intraday data, this paper investigates the impact of different futures trading mechanisms employed by TSE/OSE (automated system with Saitori matching) in Japan and SIMEX (open outcry) in Singapore. In order to examine the relative performance, we compare interday return volatility and intraday price transmission of Nikkei/JGB futures between Japan and Singapore. Regarding Nikkei futures, we find no significant difference in the performance measurements between OSE and SIMEX. We find both OSE and SIMEX have significant higher variances and negative first-order autocorrelation at the open than at the close. We also find Granger causality in both directions of intermarket price transmission between OSE and SIMEX. Regarding JGB futures, empirical results are different between TSE and SIMEX. JGB futures on SIMEX has a lower volatility at the open and first-order autocorrelation at the open is not significant. In addition, we find unidirectional lead from Japan to Singapore in JGB futures. In conclusion, since Japanese trading system does not reduce return volatility and causes delay in the open, the benefit of Saitori matching is questionable. On the other hand, we find weak evidence that the Japanese trading system is more efficient in price reporting. There is no conclusive evidence that either SIMEX open outcry or TSE/OSE Saitori matching dominates the price discovery process.     

Liquidity biases in asset pricing tests

Microstructure noise in security prices biases the results of empirical asset pricing specifications, particularly when security-level explanatory variables are cross-sectionally correlated with the amount of noise. We focus on tests of whether measures of illiquidity, which are likely to be correlated with the noise, are priced in the cross-section of stock returns, and show a significant upward bias in estimated return premiums for an array of illiquidity measures in Center for Research in Security Prices (CRSP) monthly return data. The upward bias is larger when illiquid securities are included in the sample, but persists even for NYSE/Amex stocks after decimalization. We introduce a methodological correction to eliminate the biases that simply involves weighted least squares (WLS) rather than ordinary least squares (OLS) estimation, and find evidence of smaller, but still significant, return premiums for illiquidity after implementing the correction.     

中国股市收益率波动实证研究--基于自回归条件持续性模型

结合高频数据和自回归条件持续性(ACD)模型进行的研究表明:在中国市场,自回归条件持续性模型可以成功用来衡量交易到达的强度.最后展望了该模型的发展方向.     

Trading mechanisms and trading preferences on a 24-hour futures market: A case study of the Floor/GLOBEX switch on MATIF

MATIF is the only major exchange offering a 24-hour non-interrupted trading cycle accommodating two distinct non-overlapping trading mechanisms. We find that trading volume on the floor is significantly higher than that on GLOBEX around the switch of trading mechanism. GLOBEX is mainly used by institutions to hedge their cash positions. The higher trading volume on the floor may be attributed to several factors: trade immediacy vs. transaction cost, liquidity trading by locals, inertia to trade under a new mechanism, and transparency vs. anonymity. In addition, the floor's open is unique with large interday return volatility.     

中国权证市场涨跌幅限制效应的实证研究

涨跌幅限制制度作为金融体系中稳定价格,防范价格过度波动的措施之一,被许多国家所采用。一直以来,理论界和实务界对涨跌停机制的实施效应存在争议,焦点集中在制度实施过程中可能存在的流动性干扰效应、波动性溢出效应、价格滞后发现效应和磁吸效应等。自2005年中国权证市场采用涨跌幅限制以来已近五年,其实施效果和对权证市场的发展产生的影响值得我们进行研究和探讨。本文选取截至目前我国已经和正在上市交易的55只权证日交易数据进行分析,检验涨跌幅限制对权证非理性波动的影响,以及流动性干扰效应、波动溢出效应和价格发现延迟效应是否存在,来考察我国权证市场中涨跌幅限制制度的实施效果和效应。     

The Influence of Information Arrival on Market Microstructure: Evidence from Three Related Markets

This study examines the influence of information arrival on market microstructure for the MMI, NYSE, and S&P 500 stock index futures markets, with special emphasis on the effects of opening and closing of trading and expiration of contracts on price movements and trading activities. The results of the examination show that although the opening of the (MMI) futures market is associated with higher volatility, it is when the spot market opens that volatility reaches its highest level. Similarly, the closing of the futures markets, though more volatile, is not as volatile as the closing of the spot markets. Trading patterns, on the other hand, are distinct from volatility. For MMI, trading declines consistently after the close of the spot market. In contrast, the NYSE and S&P 500 continue to trade and reach a peak at the close of the futures markets. Expiration effects are evidenced by the increase in volatility and trading near the closing of the MMI and the spillover to the NYSE and S&P 500. In sharp contrast, the expirations of the NYSE and S&P 500 are only assooiated with decrease in trading, suggesting that efforts to dampen volatility by changing expiration days from Friday to Thursday and shifting settlement price from Friday close to Friday open, have been successful.     

隐性交易成本与资产定价的实证研究

本文利用上证180指数成份股票的高频数据计算隐性交易成本．探讨其与资产定价的关系。研究结果发现：1、隐性交易成本与换手率、规模和收益率都存在着明显的线性负相关关系。在股票收益率下降时期，隐性交易成本很可能通过流动性深度成本间接影响股票收益率。2、较之隐性交易成本，规模因素与换手率因素对收益率的影响有着更好的测度性，因为这两个因素与流动性深度成本也有着显著相关性。3、隐性交易成本与规模因素整体上是线性负相关关系．分段上的关系则很可能是凹函数与凸函数的组合。