Is health care a necessity or a luxury? Evidence from urban China

This article uses a smooth transition regression (STR) model to research the income elasticity of the health care expenditure of China’s urban residents in the 1990–2013 period. The results demonstrate that if the real income of China’s urban residents that lags a period is taken as a transition variable, urban residents’ health expenditure follows an LSTR1 nonlinear two-regime model. Here, the income elasticity of health care expenditure of China’s urban residents is 1.4919 in 1990–2002 and 1.2216 in 2003–2013. Overall, the income elasticity of health care of China’s urban residents is greater than 1, indicating that health care is a luxury.     

Becoming a preferred customer one step at a time

A preferred customer is a buying organization who receives better treatment than other customers from a supplier, in terms of product quality and availability, support in the sourcing process, delivery or/and prices. The decision to become a preferred customer implies a continuous commitment by the purchaser to a complex, expensive and often uncertain process. It is important to use a strategic approach, as well as appropriate tactics. Based on well-known models on the development of buyer-supplier relationship, on customer portfolio analysis and on the emergent literature in customer attractiveness and preferred customer status, we suggest four steps to become – and remain – a preferred customer: initial attraction, performance, engagement and sustainability. The process takes the perspective of a buyer willing to obtain the preferential status and focuses on the strategies and tactics that could influence the supplier's decision of granting this status. The proposed process considers that the supplier is continuously comparing the value offered by the customer to its expectations, and to the value offered by other customer relationships.     

The effect of buyer behaviors on preferred customer status and access to supplier technological innovation: An empirical study of supplier perceptions

Buying firms are increasingly looking to suppliers for technological innovations that enhance the competitive position of their new products. However, extant research provides limited guidance on how buying firms may gain access to suppliers' innovative technologies. To address this gap in the literature, we draw from social exchange theory to posit sequential relationships among buyer behaviors, preferred customer status, and supplier's willingness to share technological innovations. We test our assertions by applying structural equation modeling statistical analyses to survey response data from 233 sales personnel of production good suppliers in the U.S. automotive industry. Whereas our results show that two buyer behaviors – early supplier involvement and relational reliability – positively affect preferred customer status, a third behavior – share of sales – has no effect. In turn, we find that preferred customer status is positively associated with supplier's willingness to share new technology with the buyer. Further, our findings indicate that preferred customer status fully mediates the benefits exchanged within a buyer–supplier relationship. Hence, our study highlights why buyers seeking innovations should take care that their behavior is appropriate for managing suppliers' perceptions. Accordingly, our results provide specific guidance to buyers as to how they may increase their access to suppliers' new technologies.     

国有企业转型过程中宏观与微观权力关系的渐进式变革

随着企业转型,企业的宏观权力关系从完全附属于政府主管部门、"五龙治水"、国资委统一行使所有者职能、到海外投资者对国有股东形成制衡.在微观权力关系上,企业的经营者由政府官员性质、行政性"内部人控制"问题的产生,到海外投资者选派的独立董事代表的进入,加强了对"内部人控制"问题的约束.总的来看,这种政府主导型的改革对企业转型和宏观权力关系产生了显著影响,但微观权力格局的转换仍然相当艰难.     

土地垄断供给、纵向市场关系与房地产价格——兼论基于价值链分析的房地产市场竞争促进政策

地价与房价之间并不仅仅是一种成本联系.土地市场与房地产产品市场之间还存在着纵向市场关系,在两个市场均为寡头垄断的情况下,则会存在着双重垄断加成的现象.与上下游产业之间的市场交易关系相比,垂直一体化和垂直约束同样是组织住房生产的有效方式,并有助于增加消费者剩余.此外,促进房地产开发价值链上各环节的竞争,消除其垄断行为,将是降低房价和增进居民福利的重要选择.     

超越旧模式：试论新型大国关系的若干基础

＂新型大国关系＂理念的提出不是偶然的,它建立在新中国外交以和平共处五项原则为基础而建构的新型国家间关系的实践基础上。今后要使新型大国关系得以顺利发展,还必须深入探讨新型大国政治的、价值观的、哲学的、世界观和方法论等方面的基础。今天的中国既是政治大国,也成长为经济大国,不长的时间内将会成为一个科技大国,中国在本世纪内也必将成为一个文化大国,也就是说,中国将成长为综合实力强大的文明的、走社会主义道路的世界性大国。中国就是以这样的身份或者以这样的地位为基础,和西方世界的头子美国谈建构新型大国关系的。随着中国综合实力的越来越强,美国也将会更加愿意听取中国的新型大国观的提议,一定程度上会正面响应中国的倡议,走新型大国之路。     

城市与区域关系演化过程及新时代特征

城市与区域关系是定位和指导城市与区域发展的立足点,理清城市与区域关系是实现科学发展的重要保障。分析城市与区域的基本关系及其演化动因和演化过程,以此考察我国传统的城市与区域关系特点,以及全球化与知识经济时代城市与区域关系的新特征和发展趋势,指出我国城市与区域关系处于区域框架指导下的城市主导发展时期;新时期,城市的功能性和区域的整体性是城市与区域关系的核心。在一定时期内,我国城市与区域对立统一关系依然存在,同时,随着城市实体地域与功能地域的空间扩展,城市与区域的边界趋于模糊,城市与区域地理单元走向交织缠绕和相互融合。     

基于内容分析的我国企业营销实践

对我国企业的营销现状缺乏全面而系统的研究容易导致营销学术领域和实践领域的脱节,本文尝试从整体、全面的视角探索当代我国企业的营销实践,通过对主要商业杂志的案例进行内容分析,识别出我国企业开展的16个大类和相关51个小类的营销活动,其中,基于4Ps的营销战术行为被绝大多数企业所采用,战略层面的营销行为相对较少。另外,研究发现,当代我国企业营销实践仍然被交易营销所主导;绝大多数企业,无论是制造企业还是服务企业仍然依赖交易营销。对开展交易营销、关系营销或两者相混合的方法而言,制造企业和服务企业没有显著差异。     

医患关系的模式考量、伦理分析和制度理性

中国正处于经济社会体制转型时期,利益分配格局被打破和再组合,医疗领域也发生了深刻的变化。要想取得医疗卫生体制改革的成功就必须客观公正和辨证地评价医患关系。现有医患关系是良莠并存、错综复杂的矛盾体。利用医患关系模型对医患关系作了技术层面的分析,从伦理学的视角剖析了医患关系的内在本质,分析了两种不和谐医患关系的表现和产生机理,结合"新医改"探索了构建和谐医患关系的制度理性。     

特殊区域旅游合作与发展的经验与启示——以粤港澳区域为例

粤港澳大珠江三角洲区域地理环境的整体性和差异性造就了丰富多样、互补性强的旅游资源和旅游产品,经历了30年的旅游合作,探索出了三种旅游合作模式,形成了五个既相互独立又相互联系的次级旅游区域。粤港澳区域旅游合作是其内部特性、层次、结构、水平不同的各次区域之间形成的层次有别、关系密切、结构复杂、内涵丰富的旅游空间体系的过程。其旅游合作的形式和内容包括了旅游资源—产品—市场联合开发、旅游交通—设施—信息系统合作兴建、旅游政策—制度—管理协作交流、旅游人才—技术—资本流动与融合等方面。粤港澳区域旅游合作的成功经验所提供的启示主要有:粤港澳区域的复杂性和差异性是挑战与机遇并存,其旅游合作成效显著;市场机制和政府协调缺一不可;提升、优化与完善是区域旅游合作高级化的必然途径,即发展目标上提升、空间结构上优化和区域功能上完善。