非市场价值评估手段及应用研究

本文旨在通过评述各种非市场(Non-Market)价值评估方法,进一步梳理非市场评估技术的发展脉络、应用范围,并指出不同评估技术的优劣势。     

Can environmental attributes influence protected area designation? A case study valuing preferences for springs in Grand Canyon National Park

Springs in Grand Canyon National Park (GRCA) provide water to over 6 million visitors per year. In addition to use value for visitors, springs have cultural value to indigenous peoples and provide critical habitat for plants and animals. Finally, base flow to the Colorado River is dependent upon springs and they also provide an important water source for backcountry recreation. Climate change, uranium mining, and increased groundwater pumping threaten the continued viability of Grand Canyon springs. Springs protection is at the forefront of proposed national policy to protect the area of the aquifers contributing to springs of the Grand Canyon outside of the designated boundaries of the national park. To date very little research on the non-market values of springs has been conducted, and no research has estimated non-market values of springs within Grand Canyon National Park using a Choice Experiment (CE). We conduct a nationwide online Choice Experiment to determine willingness to pay (WTP) to protect backcountry springs and attributes including; accessibility, suitability as a back country water source, suitability as habitat for species of concern, aesthetics, and significance to Indigenous Nations. We estimate a Bayesian mixed logit, and find an average willingness to pay of $32.60 per household for a spring with the presence of all five attributes. The habitat attribute produces the highest WTP of $14.80. We find WTP of $4.50 for springs with cultural significance. Results from our study could be instrumental in designation of the Grand Canyon National Heritage Monument. In addition, our results indicate that careful consideration of watershed services on public lands is essential for efficient decision-making regarding protection of public lands.     

“非市场经济地位”与对华反倾销对策性研究

我国入世后对外贸易面临新的棘手问题，其中“非市场经济地位”使我国成为国际反倾销最大受害国。这种状况不能继续下去，必须采取针锋相对的对策措施解决它。本文从“入世议定书”中的“非市场经济地位”问题入手，分析它与对华反倾销的关联性，阐明对华反倾销对我国出口贸易乃至国民经济的危害及其不良影响，探讨争取市场经济地位的各种途径与方法，研究对华反倾销调查中替代国选择的几个关键性问题。     

Convergent Validity of Attribute-Based,Choice Questions in Stated-Preference Studies

The application of attribute-based choice questions is well established in the marketing literature, but there are unique aspects of the design that warrant investigation to assess their validity for economic welfare estimation. Three design issues are investigated in this paper: (1) the placement of the monetary stimulus (policy cost to respondents) in the sequence of attributes, (2) the number of policy alternatives respondents are asked to consider in choice questions (two versus three), and (3) the inclusion, versus exclusion, of a status-quo alternative in choice questions. The data used to implement these investigations are from a survey designed to estimate the value Maine residents place on a farmland conservation easement program. Tests of convergent validity indicate that the placement of the monetary stimulus, first versus last in the list of attributes, did not affect estimates of preference parameters, significant differences between questions with three versus two alternatives did occur, and the inclusion/exclusion of a status-quo alternative did not affect preference parameters.     

Utility theoretic semi-logarithmic incomplete demand systems in a natural experiment: Forest fire impacts on recreational values and use

This study develops a utility theoretic demand model for an arbitrary number of goods that handles correlation between goods and over time. The bivariate compound Poisson estimator is applied to a semi-logarithmic incomplete demand system to estimate the demand for wilderness recreation and the associated welfare measures both prior to and post a 40,000 acre wilderness fire in Washington. Forest fires can simultaneously affect the environmental qualities of many recreational sites; this highlights the need for a utility theoretic demand system approach for modeling consumer behavior that handles the dynamic behavioral and statistical interdependencies over goods and time. Results suggest an increase in consumer welfare per trip post fire, after an initial period of low values, relative to before the fire.     

利率变动与区域房地产价格相互影响的比较研究

利率作为宏观调控的重要手段之一,其变动对房地产价格的调节作用是否有效一直是学术界研究的热点。近年来,利率变动对房地产市场影响的区域差异性引起了中外学者的关注。本文在梳理国内外相关研究成果的基础上,分别从利率变动与整体房地产价格相互影响以及不同区域房地产价格对利率反应的敏感度差异进行比较,旨在阐明利率政策与房地产价格的相互作用,探讨未来的研究方向。本文简要结论如下:利率对房地产价格呈负向影响;房地产价格对利率是否具有反向传导效用存在争议;不同区域房地产价格对同一利率反应的敏感程度具有差异。     

Distal order effects in stated preference surveys

Stated preference researchers have previously demonstrated that a good's placement among a sequence of goods in a set of valuation questions (i.e. proximal order effects) can have a substantial impact on people's valuations of these different goods. However, the economic consequences of potential order effects stemming from other questions in a survey, prior to the valuation tasks, have received surprisingly little attention. Using an online climate change survey, we identify order effects created by prior attitude-elicitation questions, and we assess the potential impact of these distal order effects on willingness to pay (WTP) estimates for stylized climate change policies. We find that the order used in prior questions may change people's opinions toward various attributes of the good to be valued, and thereby change WTP by a substantial amount. This paper emphasizes the significance of order effects stemming from preliminary survey questions, and supports a call for diligence in the random ordering of all potentially influential preliminary information in stated preference surveys to minimize inadvertent effects from any single arbitrary ordering.     

Provided and perceived status quo in choice experiments: Implications for valuing the outputs of multifunctional rural areas

This article presents a choice experiment analyzing multifunctional rural development policies targeting conservation and recovery of environmental, social and cultural assets. In choice experiments a base alternative is usually included in order to estimate the welfare change associated to policy proposals. This study is concerned with the much neglected issue of the impact on policy analysis of the definition of a ‘status quo’ alternative either as an objective assessment by experts, or as a self-reported perception by respondents. Convergent validity analysis and prospective policy scenarios show a significant impact of different status quo specifications on individuals' preferences and related welfare measures when complex and unfamiliar biophysical systems are involved in policy analysis and evaluation.     

交易费用的测度:理论的发展及应用

交易费用的测度是交易费用经济学从理论研究走向实证研究的重要环节,它对于比较制度分析和理解不同国家间经济绩效差异也有重要的意义.由于交易费用概念的多样性,在交易费用的测度方面仍然缺少统一的理论框架,不过近些年来宏观交易费用、微观交易费用的测度以及经验性研究都取得了重要的进展,并在应用经济学中得到广泛运用.本文对交易费用测度的理论发展和应用进行了系统的评介,并展望了未来的研究方向.     

国际反补贴会计对策研究

本文简要分析加拿大对我国发起反补贴调查的危害及影响,并结合会计在反补贴中的地位和作用,指出中国遭遇反补贴调查已经涉及或有可能涉及的会计问题,同时提出了笔者对这些问题的见解。