Observability and overcoming coordination failure in organizations: An experimental study

Motivated by problems of coordination failure in organizations, we examine how overcoming coordination failure and maintaining coordination depend on the ability of individuals to observe others’ choices. Subjects’ payoffs depend on coordinating at high effort levels in a weak-link game. Treatments vary along two dimensions. First, subjects either start with low financial incentives for coordination, which typically leads to coordination failure, and then are switched to higher incentives or start with high incentives, which usually yield effective coordination, and are switched to low incentives. Second, as the key treatment variable, subjects either observe the effort levels chosen by all individuals in their experimental group (full feedback) or observe only the minimum effort (limited feedback). We find three primary results: (1) When starting from coordination failure the use of full feedback improves subjects’ ability to overcome coordination failure, (2) When starting with good coordination the use of full feedback has no effect on subjects’ ability to avoid slipping into coordination failure, and (3) History-dependence, defined as dependence of current effort levels on past incentives, is strengthened by the use of full feedback. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at . JEL Classification C92, D23, J31, L23, M52     

Peter Drucker on marketing: an exploration of five tenets

The authors review Peter Drucker’s contributions to marketing theory and practice. A bibliometric analysis of Drucker’s academic influence in marketing is presented. The five main tenets that are derived from the bibliometric study are expanded upon as follows: (1) The Marketing Concept: Creating Value for Customers; (2) Broadened Role of Marketing in Society: Corporate Social Responsibility, Consumerism, Social Marketing, and Lessons from Non-Profit Organizations; (3) Contributions to Marketing Strategy: The Obvious and Not So Obvious; (4) Marketing-Innovation Interface: New Product Development; (5) Future of Globalization: Rise of Non-National Enterprises.

营利性组织和非营利性组织的战略联盟分析

本文时营利性组织和非营利性组织进行界定和区分,探讨了目前两者的合作现状,分析了二者合作的可能性,阐述了非营性组织的自身评估问题,可能选择的对象以及二者成立战略联盟的运作问题等,以期对二者在实践中的战略联盟有一定的理论指导意义。     

美国仲裁机构税收政策初探

仲裁机构是顺应解决商事争议的需要发展起来的。商事纠纷多发性、专业性及私密性等特点,决定了诉讼解决模式无法满足所有商事主体需要;现代司法资源的有限配置也需要多元化纠纷解决方式来分流案件。本文选取极具代表性的美国非营利性仲裁机构适用税收政策进行分析,介绍了美国非营利性仲裁机构的免税范围规定、资格认定、关联的私人利益与营利性所得的税收安排以及信息披露与监管制度安排,并在此基础上得出了在法规体系、税收优惠政策、区别对待及监管机制方面促进我国仲裁机构发展之有效经验。     

“主管国际组织”与海洋科学研究国际法规则体系的发展

为推动海洋科学研究,促进国际合作,以《联合国海洋法公约》为主要载体的海洋科学研究国际法规则体系为“主管国际组织”设置了特殊地位和多重角色。主管国际组织是海洋科学研究的参与者、推动者和引导者。主管国际组织海洋科学研究多元发展的趋势日益明显,这与海洋科学研究“公共性”与主管国际组织“功能主义”相互呼应的特点,以及海洋科学研究国际法规则体系提供的支撑密不可分。主管国际组织海洋科学研究多元发展对海洋科学研究国际法规则体系产生了积极影响,有助于明晰“海洋科学研究”的概念,厘清《公约》海洋科学研究相关规定的适用关系,通过一般准则和方针进一步发展海洋科学研究规则体系;这种发展也带来了规则体系和治理机制的碎片化风险,需要思考如何应对。     

非政府组织——公民政治参与的“领导者”

非政府组织（Non—Government Organizations，缩写为NGO），出现于50年代，兴起于70年代，在过去20年有了飞跃性的发展。如今非政府组织已经渗透到社会生活的方方面面，并且发挥着越来越大的作用。随着世界民主化浪潮波及全球，公民的政治参与成为当代政治生活的重要内容。但是由于种种原因，中国公民的政治参与无论是广度，还是深度都是比较低的，谁能“领导”公民参与政治，非政府组织无疑是最好的领导者!     

基于组织生态学理论的企业家失败剖析——以长虹公司倪润峰为例

时势造英雄,还是英雄造时势,组织生态学持有悲观看法,认为企业家自身的作用相当有限,只能顺应环境的需要而已。本文以长虹公司的倪润峰为例,说明企业家必须清楚地认识到自己超人的才能,有多少其实仅仅是运气,带有相当的偶然因素,从而难以复制。只有明白了过去为什么成功,才有可能继续成功。     

Barcelona seen through the eyes of TripAdvisor: actors,typologies and components of destination image in social media platforms

Recent literature has emphasized the emerging role of social media in generating a destination image. Even so, there is still no clear definition of the main actors, typologies and components prevailing in these environments or the possible differences between diverse social platforms. Specific analysis and comparison of the Barcelona TripAdvisor Forum and a traditional Destination Management Organization (DMO) website showed that actors, typologies and components are platform specific and have both similarities and differences with other sources, including DMO websites and other social media platforms.     

应用信息技术提升非营利组织的持续经营能力

信息技术正在改变着非营利组织。计算机和互联网使组织以比以前更快、更有效的方式处理管理、员工和社会各界以及志愿者等方面的问题。互联网引进了强有力的新型沟通、营销和商务手段。信息技术必将使非营利组织的持续经营能力得到提高。     

On the Benefits of Withholding Knowledge in Organizations

Transferring knowledge to an agent makes him more successful or productive, which is beneficial for the principal. However, knowledge transfer also increases the agent’s outside option. I identify two reasons for withholding knowledge — to reduce labor costs within a principal–agent relationship, and to weaken the agent in case of a separation. Moreover, the role of synergy is discussed both for building up a principal–agent relationship and for transferring knowledge. While synergy is decisive for knowledge transfer, cooperation between the principal and agent may even take place in the absence of synergy. Furthermore, I analyze whether the principal is more likely to transfer knowledge to a more able or to a less able agent. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of a noncompetition clause are briefly discussed.