Learning with perfect information

For extensive form games with perfect information, consider a learning process in which, at any iteration, each player unilaterally deviates to a best response to his current conjectures of others' strategies; and then updates his conjectures in accordance with the induced play of the game. We show that, for generic payoffs, the outcome of the game becomes stationary, and is consistent with Nash equilibrium. In general, if payoffs have ties or if players observe more of each others' strategies than is revealed by plays of the game, the same result holds provided a rationality constraint is imposed on unilateral deviations: no player changes his moves in subgames that he deems unreachable, unless he stands to improve his payoff there. Moreover, with this constraint, the sequence of strategies and conjectures also becomes stationary, and yields a self-confirming equilibrium.     

基本权利第三人效力的范畴与本质

基本权利第三人效力,也被称为水平效力、私人效力、基本权利在私法或私人法律关系中的效力等。第三人效力是指,基本权利能否以及在何种程度上可以对诉讼当事人之间的民事实体法律关系产生影响。实践中,公私二元划分是第三人效力探讨的基础;基本权利客观法属性是第三人效力的规范范畴;基本权利人类图像与自由权的多重面向是第三人效力的价值范畴;基本权利保护义务是第三人效力的义务范畴;基本权利取向解释是第三人效力的方法范畴。第三人效力具有体系正义、规范正义和个案正义的诉求,本质上是涵盖不同范畴的结构性效力。提出第三人效力的目的在于国家通过干预社会和消解社会不公正,为私人主体创造秩序和自由。     

基于绩效评价的员工激励研究

当前,人力资源管理的战略导向性愈益明显。由于人的复杂性、社会分工的加深和交易的频繁性,激励机制设计一直是信息经济学和人力资源管理实践关注的重要问题。本文在分析经典代理模型基础上,逐步释放假设,分别基于客观绩效评价和主观绩效评价分析了企业最优激励的选择。研究结论认为,企业在实践中要综合考虑客观绩效评价和主观绩效评价的结果来设计激励制度,正式契约可以通过前者来降低由关系契约产生的额外激励成本和违约风险,关系契约则通过后者减少正式契约产生的激励扭曲问题。     

循环经济把可持续发展建立在客观规律的基础上

发展循环经济是防治环境污染的重要途径。坚持可持续发展必须实施资源战略,促进资源永续利用,保持经济活动的生态化。即将可持续发展建立在自然生态运动客观规律的基础之上,将污染物的末端治理改造纳入到经济活动的内部消化。循环经济不仅提供了环保科技创新的市场需要,而且提出了环保科技发展的技术路径,有利于解决我国未成形产业的发展问题,有利于以新的模式催生新的制度安排,更有利于推动循环经济的市场进程,使全社会培育起节约资源、变废为宝、资源再造的制度体系。     

Aligning strategic processes in pursuit of firm growth

Strategy formation mode refers to the way organizations devise their strategies. While some organizations do so through an explicit, formalized, and planned method, other organizations unintentionally create patterns in their strategic decisions—a strategy formation route that is more emergent in nature. This research explores the relationship between strategy formation mode and firm growth. Further, this article explores two strategic processes—forecasting and long-range objective setting—and their efficacy in association with particular strategy formation modes. Primary and secondary data collected from 103 manufacturing firms were used to test the hypotheses. Results indicate that the relationship between strategy formation mode and firm growth is curvilinear (inverted-U shape). Further, a three-way interactive effect is found between strategy formation mode, forecasting, and long-range objective setting on firm growth.     

马克思主义物质定义的发展

物质范畴是马克思主义哲学理论体系重要的基础性范畴,也是整个哲学领域的重要范畴。在马克思主义经典作家中,恩格斯和列宁都对"物质"下过定义。列宁的物质定义虽然遭受到了不少学者的质疑,却还是沿用至今,列宁的物质定义在当下仍有着重要的意义。     

知识缺口视域下科研团队成员选择研究

将科研团队视为一个元网络,以成员、知识、目标为元素,建立元矩阵。以元矩阵为框架,分析了科研团队的成员选择路径。科研团队目标对知识存在需求关系,会形成知识缺口。在对目标和知识进行分解的基础上,提出了一种科研团队的知识缺口识别方法,该方法不仅量化了知识缺口,而且为科研团队的成员发现和评价提供了依据。以知识学习难度和时间紧缺程度为维度,分析了科研团队知识缺口的弥补策略和成员短缺的形成机理。科研团队的现有成员以知识缺口为依据,在各自局域网中发现符合要求的科研人员,从而形成候选成员集合。以候选成员集合为基础,提出了一种寻找入选成员的算法。     

会计信息真实性:基于"法律真实说"的理性思考

会计信息真实性的本质是一种法律真实,它以客观真实为基础,但又有别于客观真实;它侧重于程序真实,是遵循程序理性的结果.因此,会计标准是衡量会计信息真实性的直接依据,而客观真实一般不能直接作为判断会计信息真实性的标准.法律真实是客观真实和价值判断的统一体,且具有不同的等级和层次.