中国地区工业绿色全要素生产率增长:——基于方向性距离函数的经验分析

结合方向性距离函数和跨期数据包络分析法,测度绿色全要素生产率增长时尽可能地避免了出现技术倒退结论。中国省份工业的经验分析表明:忽略非期望产出的全要素生产率增长被高估,并混淆了技术进步和技术效率变化的相对贡献;技术无效率普遍存在且省际差异和年际波动性大,但这与经济发展水平无关;绿色全要素生产率变化也存在省际差异和年际波动特点,其中技术进步是其增长的主要源泉,而技术效率恶化是其倒退的根本原因;绿色全要素生产率增长存在明显的倒U型趋势和趋同性,而且外资利用印证了"污染天堂"假说。     

Mitigation of diffuse water pollution from agriculture in England and China,and the scope for policy transfer

This paper evaluates the existing policy frameworks for mitigation of diffuse water pollution from agriculture (DWPA) in England and China. With reference to a conceptual model of the process of policy transfer or international lesson drawing, and possible constraints to this, it assesses whether and how China can draw lessons to improve current policy from the supra-national and national provisions of the EU and a member state that by 2016 had comprehensively implemented EU agricultural and environmental policy. DWPA is first analysed as a public policy challenge to inform specification of a generic framework for its mitigation. The current policy frameworks for mitigation of DWPA in England and China are evaluated, and their potential for improvement is assessed. A number of barriers to lesson drawing for regulation, incentive payments schemes and advice provision are diagnosed. These barriers are potentially least in relation to advice provision and its use to promote voluntary action by farmers. Given its structure and capabilities the public agricultural extension system in China is also recognised as a key resource. A focus on three policy approaches to mitigate DWPA in China is recommended: i) targeted regulation to a ‘reference level’ of large intensive livestock, and ultimately other large commercial farms; ii) strategic use of incentive payment schemes to protect water resources from DWPA; and iii) re-orientation of the ethos and modalities of operation of the extension system, informed by international lesson drawing, with the aim of rebalancing farm productivity and environmental protection.     

JUSTIFYING A POLICY MIX FOR POLLUTION CONTROL: A REVIEW OF ECONOMIC LITERATURE

Abstract This paper provides a review of economic studies analysing the use of multiple policies – a so‐called policy mix – to cope with single pollution problems. To guide and structure the review, an analytical framework is developed and applied. The framework integrates transaction costs into the analysis of pollution problems and policies to overcome them. Moreover, it understands a pollution externality not only as a market failure but more generally as the failure of private governance structures. Based on this insight, two rationales for using a policy mix are identified. First, a policy mix may help to correct for multiple reinforcing failures of private governance structures, such as pollution externalities and technological spillovers. Second, a policy mix can be employed if the implementation of single first‐best policies brings about high transaction costs, e.g. when marginal pollution damages are heterogeneous or polluters are unlikely to comply with the policy. For each rationale, the relevant literature is presented. Based on the review, avenues for future research are identified.     

Evaluating the use of an environmental assurance program to address pollution from United States cropland

Voluntary market-based programs have been proposed as cost-effective means to reduce environmental impacts associated with agriculture. This study examines a relatively new program in Michigan USA, the Michigan Agriculture Environmental Assurance Program (MAEAP), and explores how it might serve to reduce nutrient pollution associated with intensive corn production. Interviews with corn farmers were used to explore reasons for program participation, the extent of management changes, and opinions regarding program effectiveness. Results indicate that most farmers enrolled in the program had already satisfied the majority of the requirements, therefore few changes were made that would result in environmental improvements. Interviews also revealed that in almost all cases, corn farmers were unable to market their products as MAEAP verified. Participation was largely driven by goals to avoid law enforcement and minor financial benefits through insurance discounts. Farmers indicated that a lack of monitoring and enforcement reduced the perceived effectiveness of the program. Most farmers favored direct payments through government conservation programs over MAEAP. This case illustrates the limitations of voluntary and market-based programs to address agri-environmental problems and supports the use of multiple policy approaches.     

台湾大青枣无公害栽培技术要点

台湾大青枣为热带果树,对气候适应性强,具有投产早、产量高而稳等优点,且果实成熟时间正直鲜果淡季,极具市场潜力和开发前景。文章从选种、选址、栽植、栽培与管理、病虫害的防治几方面详细阐述了台湾大青枣无公害栽培的技术要点,为大青枣无公害栽培提供了技术指导,以提高其市场竞争力。     

我国油气资源税由从量计征改为从价计征的政策效应——基于双重差分法的计量分析

基于双重差分法,对西部地区油气资源税由从量计征改为从价计证的政策效果进行评估,以单位产值能耗、污染排放量和人均资源税收入作为政策效果变量,实证研究表明,油气从价税改革促使西部地区单位产出能耗相对于样本均值下降了7.90~8.55个百分点,污染排放量减少约1556吨,人均资源税收入相对于样本均值增加了2.74~3.03个百分点,通过采用不同处理方法进行稳健性检验后,以上结论仍然成立。     

外商直接投资、环境管制与环境污染

本文就外商直接投资、环境管制和环境污染的关系建立联立方程模型,并运用中国1992-2006年的数据对其进行计量检验,结果表明:外商直接投资通过影响中国的经济规模、结构和技术进步从而对环境产生影响,外商直接投资存量的增加扩大了经济规模,使工业污染排放增加,同时其存量增加也优化了经济结构和提高了技术水平,进而又减少了工业污染排放,外商直接投资对中国环境的总效应是正面的,但影响程度较小。另外,宽松的环境管制是吸引外商直接投资进入的一个重要因素,已经显现出一定"污染避难所"效应,但中国并未成为"污染避难所"。     

Institutionalized pollution havens

A multiple-principal, multiple-agent lobby group model suggests that the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on environmental policies is conditional on the structure of host countries' political institutions such as the number of legislative units (veto players). The model also yields the novel concept of “aggregate honesty” which combines veto players and corruption. FDI raises environmental policy stringency where the number of legislative units are many (aggregate honesty is high), but reduces it where the legislative units are few (aggregate honesty is low). Our panel data evidence is fully consistent with these predictions. An additional contribution is to show the empirical importance of endogenizing environmental policy in Pollution Haven Hypothesis studies. Only when treated as endogenous does environmental policy have a significant negative effect on FDI.     

完善我国建设工程施工合同违约救济的思考

建设工程施工合同纠纷在我国普遍存在,现阶段我国施工合同的管理水平有待提高;纠纷的解决机制不够完善,研究解决施工合同违约救济的相关问题迫在眉睫。文章在研究美国建设工程施工合同的立法以及违约救济体系的基础上,结合我国现状与存在的问题,提出了完善我国建设工程施工合同违约救济体系的一些建议,有助于保护合同双方的权利,明确义务,提高合同的履行效率。