经济增长、城镇化与环境污染——基于空间联立方程的经验分析

文章利用2003~2014年的全国253个地级城市的数据,建立空间联立方程模型,对经济增长、城镇化与环境污染之间的相互关系及空间溢出效应进行经验分析。实证发现：环境库兹列茨曲线客观存在,但不同城市不同污染物到达临界点时间并不一致;经济增长与环境污染相互影响,环境库兹列茨曲线（EKC）为双向的倒U型关系。城镇化与环境污染也相互影响,但城镇化只有处于较高水平时,环境污染才会阻碍其发展。经济增长、城镇化与环境污染均存在空间溢出效应。周边城市的经济增长与环境污染会加剧本地环境污染,周边城市的城镇化发展会降低本地的环境污染。     

刑事被害人权利保护的若干问题研究

近年来被害人权益保障问题受到越来越多的重视,许多国家纷纷制定、修改立法以加强对被害人权益的保护。而在我国刑事公诉案件中被害人的权益至今仍被强大的国家公诉权所掩盖,没有受到应有的重视。现行立法对被害人各项权利的规定不仅范围狭窄无法适应世纪的需要,而且由于具体操作等方面存在缺陷导致被害人现有权利在司法事务中很难有效实现。因此,借鉴国外的立法经验并结合我国司法实际构建一套完备的被害人保障制度是我国目前司法建设的当务之急。     

关于控制我国二氧化硫排放的政策分析和技术选择

本文分析了我国能源-环境-经济系统的区域特性,用能源技术模型和区域间可计算一般均衡模型相结合的方法,建立了能反映我国区域差别的区域间能源模型。在静态分析中,本文假设从价税的形式对社会各部门的二氧化硫排放以不同税率征收硫税,通过数值计算得到了分区域分部门的经济波及影响和分区域二氧化硫排放浓度;在动态分析中,本文假设从社会各部门征收的硫税在燃煤发电部门引进脱硫技术,本文给出了目前在我国燃煤发电部门已经得到利用的5种脱硫技术,分别计算了这5种脱硫技术20年间的技术普及率、环境影响、经济效果。最后,本文为实现中国能源的可持续发展提出了政策建议。     

省直管县改革与区域空气污染——来自卫星反演数据的实证证据

从政府治理结构改革的角度探讨如何推进环境污染治理是一种有益的尝试。从理论上来说,省直管县改革作为一种重要的政府治理结构改革,能够通过简化政府治理级次来改变政府治理效率,影响诸如环保等公共产品和服务的供给。本文采用卫星反演的PM2.5数据检验了省直管县改革前后县级区域空气污染的变动趋势。发现"财政省直管县"改革能显著降低地区空气污染水平,"强县扩权"改革则显著加剧了地区空气污染。稳健性检验、进一步的分析结果均支持上述结论。机制检验发现,"财政省直管县"主要体现为财力保障水平提升导致的治理变化,而"强县扩权"则主要体现为地方政府竞争行为改变导致的空气污染治理变化。总之,单纯的政府级次减少可能并不必然利于地方公共服务的提供,良好的财力保障为地方污染治理服务提供了支撑,竞争行为变化带来的改革效应则会受到政府对环境污染重视程度的显著影响。     

绿色发展如何影响企业污染排放 ——以生态工业园区为例

绿色发展是构建新发展格局的重要抓手,也是实现经济高质量增长的必经之路。本文以生态工业园为例,利用独特的工业企业层面排污数据,构造双重差分模型检验绿色发展对工业企业污染排放的影响。实证研究表明,生态工业园区设立会显著降低企业工业废水中化学需氧量的排放量。进一步研究发现,生态工业园区的减排效应在东部发达地方以及非国有企业样本中更为显著,机制分析结论表明,生态工业园区通过鼓励企业加大购买污染治理设施来实现减排效应。本文研究表明下一步发展中应该鼓励普通地级市和中西部城市积极申报生态工业园区,同时也要重点关注对企业污染治理效率提升。     

金融数据共享利益冲突平衡的法律进路

数据是数字经济时代最重要的生产要素之一，流动的数据才能发挥数据价值，金融数据共享是数据流动的一种形式。金融活动中金融数据在不同金融机构之间、金融机构与科技企业之间、金融机构与金融监管机构之间共享，金融数据控制者对其所控制的数据的财产性权益期待是促进数据共享的动力。金融数据中有大量关涉个人信息的数据，而且金融数据安全关系到国家金融体系安全，在确保国家金融体系稳健和个人信息安全的前提下，将金融数据权利赋予金融数据控制者，有利于促进金融数据共享，最大限度地挖掘金融数据价值。为平衡金融数据共享主体之间的利益冲突，应当以确定数据权属为底层逻辑，优先保障个人信息权益，并通过引进侵权惩罚性赔偿机制，调整惩罚性赔偿金分配机制和个人信息侵权公益诉讼规则，完善个人信息侵权赔偿制度。     

International production chains and the pollution offshoring hypothesis: An empirical investigation

Most analyses of the impact of heterogeneous environmental policy stringency on the location of industrial firms have considered the relocation of entire activities – the well-known pollution haven hypothesis. Yet international enterprises may decide to only offshore a subset of their production chain – the so-called pollution offshoring hypothesis (POH). We introduce a simple empirical approach to test the POH combining a comprehensive industrial mergers and acquisitions dataset, a measure of sectoral linkages based on input-output tables and an index score of environmental policy stringency. Our results confirm the impact of relative environmental policy stringency on firms’ decisions to engage in cross-country M&As. Our findings also indicate that environmental taxation have a stronger impact on international investment decisions than standards-based policies. Further, we find that transactions involving a target firm operating in a sector upstream of the acquirer are more sensitive to environmental policy stringency, especially when that sector is highly pollution-intensive. This empirical evidence is consistent with the pollution offshoring hypothesis.     

Effects of agri-environment schemes on farm-level eco-efficiency measures: Empirical evidence from EU countries

The European Union (EU) budget allocated to agri-environmental schemes (AES) has increased consistently over the past 20 years. European citizens should expect effective spending of these public funds, so investigation of the effects of these schemes on both environmental benefits and farm efficiency is warranted. We examine the effects of European agri-environmental schemes on farm-level eco-efficiency. Our analysis combines data envelopment analysis and impact assessment methods to evaluate the impact of scheme payments on eco-efficiency measures. Our results suggest that there is considerable scope for eco-efficiency improvements, both for dairy and crop production. Results also show that the average change in eco-efficiency scores does not vary significantly between AES participants and non-participants, which questions the effectiveness of present AES.     

Are China's trade interests overestimated? Evidence from firms’ importing behavior and pollution emissions

Importing is an important driving force for a country's economic growth. While importing promotes the expansion of economic scale, does it also lead the increase of pollution emissions in production? In this paper, we establish a micro theoretical model to analyze the impacts of importing on firms’ environmental performance, and then use the data of China's manufacturing firms for empirical tests. We show that the importing of intermediate goods or capital goods will lead to the increase of firms’ production scale, and thereby increasing their total emissions, which suggests that China's environment will be deteriorated by importing. On the other hand, importing also has some positive environmental effects that firms will increase their abatement investment after importing intermediate goods or capital goods, thus firms’ emission intensity can be effectively reduced. Altogether, this paper provides important evidence on the impacts of importing on pollution emissions at product-level. We suggest that when analyzing China's interests in trade, the environmental effects of trade should be taken into consideration, otherwise China's gains from trade will be overestimated. This paper also has important implications that while developing the economy through international trade, the government should strengthen environmental protection and advocate green trade.     

中国城市数字经济发展对环境污染的影响及机理研究

数字经济为政府治理、企业生产和居民生活等领域带来了深刻变革，数字经济发展是否抑制了环境污染是亟需解答的问题。文章基于中国285个城市2011-2018年的面板数据，运用固定效应模型、空间杜宾模型、中介效应模型等方法，多维度实证检验了数字经济发展对城市环境污染的影响及其中介机制。研究发现，数字经济发展显著降低了城市各类环境污染物的排放，运用工具变量估计、引入外生政策冲击、替换解释变量等方法进行稳健性检验后，该结论仍然成立。数字经济发展对不同污染物的降低作用有所差异，对工业二氧化硫排放量的降低效应最明显，工业废水和工业烟尘排放量次之，对PM_2.5浓度的降低效应最小。中介效应分析表明，绿色创新和产业结构优化是数字经济降低城市环境污染物排放的重要机制。空间溢出效应分析表明，数字经济发展对周边城市各类环境污染物存在负向空间溢出效应。空间异质性分析表明，东部地区数字经济发展的污染减排效应相比中、西部地区更大，且数字经济发展仅在东、中部地区具有显著的空间溢出效应。文章的内容丰富了有关环境污染影响因素的研究，也是对有关数字经济研究的有效补充，研究结论为数字经济助力环境污染治理提供了可靠的实证依据，同时为发展数字经济、充分发挥数字经济的污染减排提供了政策参考。