民主理念、公民教育与美国进步时代改革

美国进步时代改革是在美国社会急剧转型的背景下,由公民和政府相互合作、相互建构而生成的一场社会系统性改革运动,是人类现代性进程中的一个缩影。在这一过程中,进步是持续性的精神向导,自由是变化中的行动指南,民主是其根本的内在逻辑。文章旨在对美国进步时代改革的内在逻辑进行梳理,并探讨这一时期的美国在"新民主"理念下倡导公民教育的主张与实践,冀期于对我国当前的社会转型和治理变迁提供启示和借鉴。     

“Un-American” or unnecessary? America’s rejection of compulsory government health insurance in the Progressive Era

Between 1915 and 1920, 18 U.S. states considered the introduction of compulsory health insurance. Progressive reformers expected state health insurance to be welfare enhancing for American wage-workers since it would result in lower cost insurance and an extension of coverage to more of the population. The evidence presented in this paper indicates that the absence of broad political support for health insurance legislation in this early period reflects that compulsory insurance would not have improved on what was available and affordable through voluntary arrangements and had the potential to reduce the welfare of wage-earners.     

贫困地区农民收入水平与“新农合”

新型农村合作医疗制度设计初衰在于让贫困农民家庭能够看得起病,提高农村的社会保障水平。但实际操作中,在参合费用不断上涨的情况下,那些最为贫困的家庭恰好倾向于选择不参合新型农村合作医疗。应用统计数据和质性资料说明在研究个案中：贫困农民家庭的收入水平与参合新型农村合作医疗的意愿呈正相关关系。引进“累进刺”的资金管理和使用办法可以有效提高贫困农民家庭的参合意愿。     

Efficient migration and redistribution

It has often been noted that the brain drain may be abetted by highly progressive tax systems in the regions which are likely sources for emigration by those with the most income-earning potential. This paper presents the case in favour of such policies. The underlying assumption here is that there are productivity differences between regions, and that emigration of the most skilled workers from less productive regions increases the overall value of national output. The problem lies in sharing these gains with the less-skilled workers left behind in the low-productivity region. If national governments can transfer income among regions, but if the transfers cannot be targeted to particular individuals, then there is a trade-off between equity and efficiency. Generous transfers redistribute the gains, but tend to impede efficient migration, since prospective migrants will only emigrate if their earnings, net of all fiscal transfers, and net of migration costs, are higher in the destination region. Greater tax progressivity in the source region helps relax a constraint, and make the trade-off less difficult.     

Real options and human capital investment

This paper extends the standard human capital model with real options. Real options influence investment behavior when risky investments in human capital are irreversible and individuals can affect the timing of the investment. Option values make individuals more reluctant to invest in human capital and, as a result, required returns on the investment increase. Real options may help to explain a larger human capital premium for higher education, smaller responsiveness of higher educational investments to financial incentives, and larger sensitivity of higher educational investments to low-return outcomes and human capital risks. Higher tax rates (or lower subsidies) depress human capital investments, but to a lesser extent than in the standard human capital model if not all direct costs are tax-deductible. A flat income tax remains neutral if education expenditures are fully deductible.     

Should China Join the New Trans‐Pacific Partnership?

After President Donald Trump's ill‐advised pullout from the Trans‐Pacific Partnership (TPP) and despite the absence of the US, the remaining 11 Asian and Pacific countries agreed on a deal, renamed the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans‐Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). The accord took effect on 30 December 2018 and provides rigorous, up‐to‐date rules for Asia‐Pacific trade, but excludes the region's two biggest economies: the US and China. In this paper, we calculate that Chinese membership in the CPTPP would yield large economic and political benefits to China and other members. The CPTPP, in its current form, would generate global income gains estimated at US$147bn annually. If China were to join, these gains would quadruple to US$632bn, or a quarter more than in the original TPP with the US. But to join the CPTPP, China would have to undertake unprecedented reforms and manage complex political challenges.     

中国渐进式制度改革的微观动力机制--一个渐进式制度变迁的供求模型

中国市场化取向的经济体制改革是一个关于制度变迁的知识结构和利益均衡的动态变化过程,在这个过程中,微观主体(特别是国有企业)的制度需求在制度转型中居于主导性地位,只是由于竞争状况的不断加剧和由此导致的行业性整体利润下滑,造成政府税收减少(甚至成为政府负担)和社会性失业增加,才迫使政府滞后地、阶段性地提供制度变迁的供给。     

梯度养老:渐进城市化中的农民养老模式及农地角色分析——一项基于嵌入理论视角的田野研究

强调农地社保的"乡土养老话语"与强调土地流转的"社保养老话语"对农民养老与农地制度改革关系争论激烈.本文以河南省L村一组为田野案例,以动态嵌入为分析框架,审视农民养老与农地制度关系问题,考察当下养老议题中老年农民、农地制度、市场及三代家庭之间的互动机制.研究发现,在经济性增强的同时,老人种地行为更深度地嵌入"渐进城市化...     

税延政策下不同收入层人群养老保险模式选择——基于累进税制和比例税制的综合实证研究

个税递延型商业养老保险政策的实施将对不同收入层次和不同收入来源人群的养老保险模式选择产生重大影响,而我国现行以累进型为主的个人所得税制度在这一影响发生的过程中发挥着根本性作用.基于这一影响机制,本文重点研究EET模式商业养老保险的受益群体范围,以不同收入水平和不同收入来源的杭州市居民为研究对象,以包含社会养老保险和商业养老保险的动态养老金总替代率期望值为调节目标,构建包含个人所得税的累进税率和比例税率变量的保险精算模型,设计和测算了投保期内的下临界点S1和上临界点S2.在此基础上,从居民购买商业养老保险意愿度和社会公平的角度出发,探讨对两个临界点的进一步调整,分析EET模式商业养老保险受益群体范围以外人群的行为决策,并最终提出政策性建议.     

贫困地区农民收入水平与“新农合”

新型农村合作医疗制度设计初衰在于让贫困农民家庭能够看得起病,提高农村的社会保障水平。但实际操作中,在参合费用不断上涨的情况下,那些最为贫困的家庭恰好倾向于选择不参合新型农村合作医疗。应用统计数据和质性资料说明在研究个案中：贫困农民家庭的收入水平与参合新型农村合作医疗的意愿呈正相关关系。引进“累进刺”的资金管理和使用办法可以有效提高贫困农民家庭的参合意愿。