盾构机自动控制技术现状与展望

随着我国社会主义市场经济的迅速发展以及科技水平的不断提升,交通运输行业得到了蓬勃发展。当前,随着我国地下隧道等各项工程建设数量的不断上升,盾构机的重要性不言而喻。加强对盾构机自动控制技术的研究工作,不断解决该技术应用过程中存在的问题,才能有效地促进技术应用,为提升我国地下工程施工安全性能奠定技术支持。     

Using technology to improve the management of development impacts on biodiversity

The mitigation hierarchy (MH) is a prominent tool to help businesses achieve no net loss or net gain outcomes for biodiversity. Technological innovations offer benefits for business biodiversity management, yet the range and continued evolution of technologies creates a complex landscape that can be difficult to navigate. Using literature review, online surveys, and semi-structured interviews, we assess technologies that can improve application of the MH. We identify six categories (mobile survey, fixed survey, remote sensing, blockchain, data analysis, and enabling technologies) with high feasibility and/or relevance to (i) aid direct implementation of mitigation measures and (ii) enhance biodiversity surveys and monitoring, which feed into the design of interventions including avoidance and minimization measures. At the interface between development and biodiversity impacts, opportunities lie in businesses investing in technologies, capitalizing on synergies between technology groups, collaborating with conservation organizations to enhance institutional capacity, and developing practical solutions suited for widespread use.     

中国工业技术进步的百年探索：历程、经验与展望 ——透视中国共产党百年奋斗历程

一百年来中国工业技术进步经历了从落后到追赶再到部分领先的过程。新中国成立后,中国工业生产力迅速提升,技术进步显著,高新技术及有关产业快速发展。其最重要的经验在于：第一,从人的角度出发,通过科教兴国战略积累了大量人力资本基础,通过优化生产关系充分调动了劳动者推动技术进步的积极性。第二,有效发挥了中国共产党领导下中国特色社会主义制度的优越性,通过顶层设计和五年规划引导推动技术进步的阶段目标和路线,利用举国体制集中攻关关键核心技术。第三,充分学习和借鉴其他国家的先进技术。当前,中国工业技术还面临着关键领域创新能力不强、工业企业的创新动力仍待激发、部分发达国家对中国进行技术封锁的威胁加大等问题。需要继续发挥举国体制优势,加快推进关键核心技术的攻关,进一步扩大高质量对外开放以提升工业技术进步的质量,多管齐下进一步激发企业的创新活力。     

Herd Behaviour in Adoption of Network Technologies

In technology adoption, herd behaviour can lead to a suboptimal outcome as shown, among others, by Choi (1997). However, empirics find little support for the idea that a less efficient technology can conquer the market and lock out a more efficient one. Accordingly, we improve and generalize Choi's results, by introducing an additional source of uncertainty: the economic environment. We investigate how the economic environment can affect herding and consequently the efficiency of the technology choice. The result is a smaller adoption bias. In the limit, firms may optimally experiment with the new technology that turns out to be social welfare improving.     

浙江省科技型中小企业的产业发展特征与股权激励模式的选择

主要根据浙江省科技民营企业的产业发展特征，对实施企业股权激励机制的模式选择问题进行深入研究与探讨。首先，分析论述了企业产业发展特征对企业激励模式选择的影响；在此基础上，对浙江省科技民营企业实施股权激励机制几个理论问题进行分析与探讨。     

先进制造技术与生产流程的协同性研究

制造系统的有效性需要通过先进制造技术与生产流程的合理匹配来体现。在分析各种先进制造技术与生产流程相互关系的基础上,提出了协同度的概念,并给出了其计算方法。     

面向循环经济的企业技术战略与技术创新转型

在技术层面上,循环经济是一种新的技术范式。技术范式的转换要求技术战略和技术创新做出相应调整。技术战略的调整主要包括技术选择、技术方法论和技术理念。从跨越技术创新陷阱的角度,本文分析了循环经济下两组基本的技术创新形式:渐进性创新和根本性创新、产品创新和过程创新。本文认为,作为技术创新的主体,企业应该按照发展循环经济的要求,积极围绕"3R"原则,通过各种形式的技术创新,构建企业竞争优势。     

以创新群为基础的自主创新战略研究

创新在时间和经济空间上具有群集特性。它发起于根本性的(自主)创新,并能够产生强烈的创新溢出效应。分析认为,将自主创新战略建立在创新群的基础上,培育以国家战略性技术为核心的自主创新群,能够将创新能力的内生性与外生性较好地结合在一起,有利于我们实现完全的自主创新。     

企业创新体系研究

企业在市场中的竞争表面上是产品的竞争、技术的竞争,实质上却是隐含于产品、技术背后的企业之间创新能力、创新意识的竞争。“在创新中求发展”已成为企业界的共识。但企业究竟该如何创新,从哪些方面进行创新,成了企业经营中较为困惑的问题。本文在分析创新概念的基础上,提出了企业创新体系的目标及总体构建,并对创新体系的主要内容进行了具体研究,为企业创新实践提供参考。     

A review and validation of overall survival extrapolation in health technology assessments of cancer immunotherapy by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: how did the initial best estimate compare to trial data subsequently made available?

Background: Validation of overall survival (OS) extrapolations of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) during the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Single Technology Assessment (STA) process is limited due to data still maturing at the time of submission. Inaccurate extrapolation may lead to inappropriate decision-making. The availability of more mature trial data facilitates a retrospective analysis of the plausibility and validity of initial extrapolations. This study compares these extrapolations to subsequently available longer-term data.

Methods: A systematic search of completed NICE appraisals of ICIs from March 2000 to December 2017 was performed. A targeted search was also undertaken to procure published OS data from the pivotal clinical trials for each identified STA made available post-submission to NICE. Initial Kaplan-Meier curves and associated extrapolations from NICE documentation were extracted to compare the accuracy of OS projections versus the most mature data.

Results: The review identified 11 STAs, of which 10 provided OS data upon submission to NICE. The extrapolations undertaken considered parametric or piecewise survival models. Additional data cut-offs provided a mean of 18 months of OS beyond the end of the original data. Initial extrapolations typically under-estimated OS from the most mature data cut-off by 0.4–2.7%, depending on the choice of assessment method and use of the manufacturer- or ERG-preferred extrapolation.

Conclusion: Long-term extrapolation of OS is required for NICE STAs based on initial immature OS data. The results of this study demonstrate that the initial OS extrapolations employed by manufacturers and ERGs generally predicted OS reasonably well when compared to more mature data (when available), although on average they appeared to underestimate OS. This review and validation shows that, while the choice of OS extrapolation is uncertain, the methods adopted are generally aligned with later-published follow-up data and appear appropriate for informing HTA decisions.