The profitability impact of REIT requirements: A comparative analysis of hotel REITS and hotel C-Corporations

Under the influence of regulatory requirements, REITs have evolved into entities that have distinct financial and organizational characteristics from their C-Corporation counterparts. This study aims to investigate whether hotel REITs are more profitable than hotel C-Corps and how REIT regulations contribute to this difference. The results indicate that despite the differences in tax obligation, operating expense, and dividend policy, hotel REITs and hotel C-Corporations are not significantly different in profitability. However, the analysis suggests that hotel C-Corps have advantage over hotel REITs in improving profitability through dividend payout increases. The findings also suggest a possible non-linear relationship between profitability and dividend payout, presenting an opportunity to extend Jensen's (1986) agency cost theory.     

人民币汇率偏离均衡程度的估计:在宏观经济平衡框架下的分析

本文运用近年由IMF经济学家发展起来的宏观经济平衡方法,从分析中国基础经常项目、目标资本项目与储蓄—投资之间的内外均衡关系入手,确定人民币真实有效汇率可能偏离中期均衡汇率的程度。通过分析和计算,我们估计2005年人民币真实有效汇率可能低估的程度为6%。应该注意的是,随着中国宏观经济的变化,人民币均衡汇率或人民币汇率偏离均衡的程度也会随之变化。     

黄山市宗教文化与旅游经济协调发展调查研究

本文简要介绍了我国宗教旅游发展情况、黄山市宗教旅游资源情况和宗教旅游发展现状,并在分析宗教旅游发展中存在问题的基础上,提出要大力促进黄山市宗教文化与旅游经济协调发展,以做大做强宗教旅游产业。     

The natural rate of interest and the output gap in the euro area: a joint estimation

The notion of a natural real rate of interest, due to Wicksell (Interest and prices. Macmillan, London Translation of 1898 edition, 1936), is widely used in current central bank research. The idea is that there exists a level at which the real interest rate would be compatible with output at its potential level and stationary inflation. Such a concept is of primary concern for monetary policy because it provides a benchmark for the monetary policy stance. This paper applies the method suggested by Laubach and Williams (Rev Econ Stat 85(4):1063–1070, 2003) to jointly estimate the natural real interest rate and the output gap in the euro area using data from 1960 onwards. Our results suggest that the natural real rate of interest has declined gradually over the past 40 years. They also indicate that monetary policy in the euro area was on average stimulative during the 1960s and the 1970s, while it contributed to dampen the output gap and inflation in the 1980s and 1990s. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the institutions to which they are affiliated. We are grateful to Siem Jan Koopman for very helpful suggestions and comments. We also thank P. Cour-Thimann, V. Curdia, F. Drudi, S. McCaw, D. Rodriguez-Palenzuela, R. Pilegaard, H. Pill, L. Stracca, T. Laubach, J. C. Williams and the participants of an ECB workshop on natural interest rates.     

旅游资源开发与江西省旅游产业发展的对策探讨

本文首先分析了旅游资源开发对旅游产业构建的作用,在此基础上,结合江西省旅游资源开发的条件,提出了江西发展旅游产业的对策。     

Liquidity default,liquidity management and smooth dividends policy

Our article models liquidity financing constraints with the real options framework. By conducting a comprehensive investigation of the effects of shocks to liquidity constraints on the firm’s optimal investment, financing and dividend policies, our model highlights the importance of liquidity management and extends the liquidity management approach to hedge liquidity default risk. We find that being concerned about liquidity default risk will significantly change a firm’s behaviours, including those related to investment and the optimal capital structure. A firm that is concerned about its liquidity default risk will become more cautious: it will choose to delay investment and have higher leverage when internal liquidity is very low, but choose earlier investment and lower leverage when liquidity is high enough. The dividends policy can alleviate risks from both the external market and internal project volatility and provides an alternative explanation for the ‘smooth dividends policy puzzle’ commonly reported in empirical research.     

Superstition and “lucky” apartments: Evidence from transaction-level data

Using a sample of apartment transactions during 2004–2006 in Chengdu, China, we investigate the impact of superstitions in the Chinese real estate market. Numerology forms an important component of Chinese superstitious lore, with the numbers 8 and 6 signifying good luck, and the number 4 bad luck. We find that secondhand apartments located on floors ending with “8” fetch, on average, a 235 RMB higher price (per square meter) than on other floors. For newly constructed apartments, this price premium disappears due to uniform pricing of new housing units, but apartments on floors ending in an “8” are sold, on average, 6.9 days faster than on other floors. Buyers who have a phone number containing more “8”’s are more likely to purchase apartments in a floor ending with “8”; this suggests that at least part of the price premium for “lucky” apartments arises from the buyers’ superstitious beliefs.     

我国近十年房地产宏观调控政策的回顾与建议--基于十八届三中全会视角

房地产是国民经济中的重要组成部分，房地产市场的稳定涉及国民经济的稳定，对房地产市场正确并合理调控符合国家利益。基于十八届三中全会的视角，对我国近十年房地产调控政策及效果进行回顾，分析房地产调控存在的问题，并结合十八届三中全会中以人为本、注重公平、增强政府公信力等指导精神，对房地产市场宏观调控提出几点建议，以促进房地产市场健康发展。     

中国广告产业集群化发展的战略选择与制度审视

本文运用产业集群理论,阐述了中国广告产业集群化发展的现实必需及其战略意义。文章在审视中国广告产业现状的基础上,指出中国广告公司要实现对广告业发达国家的超越,必须创新广告产业发展路径,走专业化-专门化-集群化-规模化的产业发展之路,专业化和专门化是集群化发展的基础和保障,规模化是集群化发展的必然走向,而公共政策的制度供给则是广告产业集群化发展的迫切需求。     

The Relative Effect of Property Type and Country Factors in Reduction of Risk of Internationally Diversified Real Estate Portfolios

We examine and test the merits of diversifying portfolios of real estate securities internationally and across property types. Our analysis covers the period January 1990 through July 2005. Using data from the Global Property Research GPR 250 Property Securities Index, which has monthly prices for five property type indexes in 21 countries, we decompose country and property type sources of variation in real estate security returns. We find that property type effects are smaller than country effects. Property type specialization explains only 6% of the variance of national real estate securities index returns. Because property type effects are so small, country diversification is a more effective tool for achieving risk reduction than property type diversification. In addition, we find evidence that the relative importance of country effects is decreasing while that of industry effects is increasing. However, country effects continue to dominate property type effects.