深入学习实践科学发展观,对推进刑侦“三基”工程建设的几点思考

当前公安"三基"工程建设凭借着学习科学发展观这一契机,已逐步踏上全面、高效、准确、及时的轨道上来。但是取得一定成绩的同时,我们仍要清楚认识到把"三基"工程建设工作落到实处,发挥效用,是摆在我们面前的重要课题,是我们公安机关一项常抓不懈的战略性工作。     

重大公共危机中科研协同团队识别研究——以诊断试剂为例

遴选合适的科研机构以整合成科研协同力量对于应对重大公共危机,尤其是对于防治和遏制新型冠状病毒肺炎等重大紧急疫情至关重要。首先,构建科研力量协同整合潜在对象识别理论模型,并在此基础上构建识别方法。以突发重大公共危机中的诊断试剂科研攻关为研究对象,以诊断试剂领域科研力量协同整合作为案例进行实证研究。最终识别出7个协同合作群组及29个关键核心机构,而且可将其整合为针对不同科研攻关需求的科研力量。结果还表明,在整合诊断试剂领域科研力量时,高校是与其它机构衔接的主要核心纽带,来自国家层面的科研院所及军队系统机构可以提供有力支持,而高新技术企业也是不可忽视的重要力量。     

Was the Green Revolution intended to maximise food production?

The evidence on yields, food-production, food-calories per capita, and declining levels of malnutrition in countries experiencing a Green Revolution are commonly cited in support of the claim that the GR sought to maximise food production. If one looks closely at the actual design of GR programmes (in India and elsewhere), however, it is clear that they were instead intended to boost yields and profitability in a small number of targeted areas. The underlying rationale for targeting was that achieving very high yields in such regions would persuade farmers to abandon subsistence farming in favour of commercial production, relying upon the market for the purchase of inputs as well as the sale of produce. In response to widespread criticism of the Green Revolution ca. 1970 for neglecting the needs of peasant farmers (as well as accentuating rural unrest), the World Bank and other donors began to direct more attention and resources to smallholders, but the aim of commercialising farming remained unchanged.     

Remote sensing-based detection of agricultural land losses around Greater Cairo since the Egyptian revolution of 2011

Over the last four decades, the loss of agricultural land has been observed in Egypt at high rates. However, the highest rates of losses have occurred since the January 25th revolution in 2011. Greater Cairo (GC), which is the largest metropolitan in Egypt, has witnessed a massive loss of agricultural land since the 2011 revolution. However, until now, no study or official report has revealed the volume of agricultural land losses in this region. This study quantifies agricultural land losses around the GC using Landsat satellite images from 2010 and 2018. Supervised classification was performed using the maximum likelihood algorithm in QGIS software. A post-classification comparison method was applied to detect the land use/land cover changes between the classified images; then, the loss of agricultural land was quantified using Arc GIS software. Visualizations of the gains and losses in agricultural land and the spatial trends of agricultural land losses were created using TerrSet software. The results show that 9600 ha of agricultural land were converted to urban use during 2010–2018, which means that the annual rate of agricultural land loss has tripled and now reaches approximately 1200 ha per year. Decay of executive authority, rapid population growth, real estate market speculation and fragmentation of agricultural land were the main driving factors of agricultural land losses during this period. The results of this research may help decision makers understand the current high rate of agricultural land loss. Hence, appropriate strategies may be adopted to prevent future losses of this valuable land.     

Consumer willingness to pay for redundant food labels

Previous studies, as well as market sales data, show some consumers are willing to pay a premium for redundant or superfluous food labels that carry no additional information for the informed consumer. Some advocacy groups have argued that the use of such redundant labels is misleading or unethical. To determine whether premiums for redundant labels stem from misunderstanding or other factors, this study seeks to determine whether greater knowledge of the claims - in the form of expertise in food production and scientific literacy - decreases willingness to pay for redundant labels. We also explore whether de-biasing information influences consumers’ valuations of redundant labels. An online survey of 1122 U.S. consumers elicited preferences for three redundantly labeled products: non-GMO sea salt, gluten-free orange juice, and no-hormone-added chicken breast. Respondents with farm experience report lower premiums for non-GMO salt and no-hormone-added chicken. Those with higher scientific literacy state lower premiums for gluten-free orange juice. However, after providing information about the redundancy of the claims, less than half of respondents who were initially willing to pay extra for the label are convinced otherwise. Over 30% of respondents counter-intuitively increase their premiums, behavior that is associated with less a priori scientific knowledge. The likelihood of “overpricing” redundant labels is associated with willingness-to-pay premiums for organic food, suggesting at least some of the premium for organic is a result of misinformation.     

国家科技创新能力时空差异性评价

科技创新规模扩张和科技创新效率提升是增强国家科技创新能力的两条关键途径。基于现有研究鲜有结合科技创新规模和科技创新效率开展国家科技创新能力评价的现状,采用因子分析法,系统筛选国家科技创新规模影响因素,并结合科技创新效率影响因素,完善国家科技创新能力评价指标体系,通过构建DEA Malmquist指数模型,评价不同时期国家科技创新效率变化指数,以及中国与全球10个国家科技创新能力的时空差异性。研究表明,R&D投入强度、R&D研究人员、专利申请量、科技期刊文章数、高科技产品出口额占制成品出口总额的百分比、科技创新效率是影响国家科技创新能力的关键指标;1991-2014年中国科技创新能力水平呈指数增长态势,有力提升了国家科技实力;全球10个国家科技创新能力水平除日本出现一定波动外,其余九国整体呈小幅递增态势。     

创新型城市创新效率评价与投入冗余分析

推动创新型城市建设,是我国实施创新驱动发展战略的重要抓手。运用数据包络分析方法（DEA）,综合考虑创新的经济产出、科技产出和社会环境效益,构建CCR和BCC模型,测算了2013- 2014年53个国家创新型试点城市的综合效率及其分解的纯技术效率和规模效益,对非DEA有效城市的投入冗余进行了对比和原因分析,并根据创新型试点城市创新效率测算结果,提出了推进创新型城市建设的政策建议。     

专利制度在高校科技成果转化中的运行机理及改革路径

一直以来,高校科技成果转化问题都是社会热点且亟待解决。权属分配是政府引导转化工作的突破点,而权属分配又与专利制度紧密相关。“拜杜法案”以美国专利法修正案形式发挥着促进成果转化的作用,也同样暗示了专利制度对成果转化的重要性和特殊性。现阶段,确有必要探讨成果转化激励失效与专利制度的关联性,分析专利制度在高校科技成果转化中的运行机理及决定性作用,并结合我国部分地区改革实践经验与相关法学理论观点,论证高校职务科技成果赋权改革的合理性。同时,对赋权改革如何疏通高校科技成果转化堵点进行分析,结合《赋予科研人员职务科技成果所有权或长期使用权试点实施方案》,展望专利制度变革及相关规则体系建设的前景与方向。     

科学型企业商业模式:中国情境的复合案例研究

以中国企业为研究对象,运用复合案例研究方法分析与构建了科学型企业商业模式概念模型,分离出科学平台和价值平台两个独特要素,进而构建以科学平台-价值平台互动为核心的P2P商业模式运作模型,并根据不同类型科学型企业,分析模型的有效性、适用性以及模型在不同类型科学型企业中的共性与差异,最后总结出科学型企业商业模式特点及企业管理对策。     

美国科技政策学研究计划进展分析与启示

美国国家科学基金会于2006年设立了科技政策学研究计划（SciSIP）,经过十多年发展,在数据与方法研究以及共同体建设方面取得了重要进展。聚焦于SciSIP计划及其历年项目成果,对SciSIP计划发展历程进行总结,对SciSIP计划的研究成果和面临的挑战进行分析,以期为中国推进科技政策学研究及“科技政策学”这一新兴学科建设提供建议。