“商”、“商人”、“商家”、“儒商”

关于商的问题,有的人说商人是由于他们商朝的祖先是经商的,具体地说,王亥是买卖牛的商人。根据出土文物与文献资料结合考察,可以认为商最初是地名,并非经商活动。经商是周朝以后的事。商家是经商活动的理论家,成功的经商者。以儒家观念经商,则称儒商。孔子的弟子子贡是最早的儒商。     

集体记忆的选择性与历史文化认同的建构——以秦汉圣贤信仰为个案

民间信仰蕴含着一个民族丰富的历史记忆,这种历史记忆也即集体记忆,是在长期的发展中有选择性地建构而来的。秦汉圣贤信仰的形成亦经历了同样的过程,它对于维护族群的历史文化认同具有重要意义。     

两宋女性在农业生产与经营中的角色

两宋时期,得益于较高水平的商品经济发展,社会经营氛围浓厚。很多女性在这种社会氛围中也投身到社会生产中来。她们或是亲自参与劳动,或是对家产进行经营、管理,对农业、纺织业和相关家庭副业的发展,做出了很多贡献。     

Urbanization in China,ca. 1100–1900

This paper presents new estimates of the development of the urban population and the urbanization ratio for the period spanning the Song and late Qing dynasties. Urbanization is viewed, as in much of the economic historical literature on the topic, as an indirect indicator of economic development and structural change. The development of the urban system can therefore tell us a lot about long-term trends in the Chinese economy between 1100 and 1900. During the Song, the level of urbanization was high, also by international standards—the capital cities of the Song were probably the largest cities in the world. This remained so until the late Ming, but during the Qing there was a downward trend in the level of urbanization from 11%–12% to 7% in the late 18th century, a level at which it remained until the early 1900s. In our paper we analyse the role that socio–political and economic causes played in this decline, such as the changing character of the Chinese state, the limited impact of overseas trade on the urban system, and the apparent absence of the dynamic economic effects that were characteristic for the European urban system.     

北海公园“西天梵境”建筑特征分析

"西天梵境"是一组文物价值很高的古建筑群,位于国家重点文物保护单位北海公园北岸。为了保护和研究这座明代皇家寺庙,系统调查了其总体布局和各单体建筑特点,着重分析了建于明中晚期的主体建筑大慈真如宝殿的建筑形制和细部特征。结论如下:"西天梵境"建筑布局体现了中国传统思想中的宗法伦理关系,形成充满宗教色彩的有序空间组合和禅林意境。整组建筑形制等级分明,其中大慈真如宝殿木质构架全部采用珍贵的金丝楠木制作,整栋建筑通体不施釉彩,突显金丝楠木的华贵本色,天花形制与故宫太和殿相同,大殿等级之高可见一斑。     

论秦国秦朝的经济制度建设

秦国秦朝的经济制度随着历史的发展而不断转型、不断发展。土地国有制度的强化,奠定了封建国家的经济基础。农业管理制度的提升,促进了国家农业经济的发展。租赋徭役制度的加重,增强了国家经济实力。工商业管理制度的丰富,促进了国家商品经济的发展。秦国秦朝经济制度建设的不断强化,大大提升了秦国秦朝的综合国力,为秦国统一中国奠定了坚实的经济基础,并对后世封建王朝经济制度的发展产生了深远的影响。     

浅析唐代绘画艺术

本文主要阐述了唐代绘画史上几位有代表性的画家的代表作品,对其历史背景进行了史实叙述,并总结和分析画家所处时代、所创作作品的特点与局限,描述其画风的特点,对于作品进行了审美评述和历史定位.     

How natural disasters affect the evolution of grain markets: evidence from 18th-century China

Market is the foundation of modern society. However, how did market evolve? Previous research has explored the impacts of spatial distance and transportation conditions on market integration. This article argues that natural disasters also played a crucial role in the evolution of market integration in China, particularly in the grain market. When natural disasters occur, governments’ relief measures and merchants’ arbitrage activities will gradually promote interconnectivity among local grain markets. In this article, China’s major grain monthly price data set from 1746 to 1795 and the Chinese historical disaster records dataset from 1696 to 1795 are used to analyse the impact of natural disasters on grain market integration. The empirical results show that natural disasters have a significantly positive effect on the integration of the grain market. The findings continue to hold after controlling the traffic conditions, grain varieties and lag effect. This study proposes a new perspective for understanding the evolution of the grain market.     

唐代谏官制度对现代行政监督实效提升的启示

谏官的主要职责是劝谏皇帝过失,唐代是谏官制度最为成熟的时期。唐代统治者非常重视谏官的作用,建立了完整的谏官组织结构,制订了谏官选拔标准和考核制度,使得谏官制度日渐成熟,促进了唐代政治清明和社会稳定。以史为鉴,需要营造良好的行政监督政治、文化环境,加强行政监督队伍建设,不断健全和完善行政监督体制和机制,对行政监督人员进行定期或不定期的考核与评估,从而提升行政监督实效。     

宋诗视阈中两浙地区城市商贸新风略论

宋代涉商诗中有大量关于两浙地区城市商贸活动的描写,形象展现了浙地城市商贸经济的发展新变。这种新变主要表现在三方面:一是重商好贾之风日炽,从商人数激增,兼商社会身份多元化;二是城市商贸格局突破传统,商点布局与经营时段趋于自由,行业街市大量涌现;三是浙商的商贸文化心理发生新变,广告策略富于创造性,品牌、质量意识两极分化,神佑意识得以强化,并外显为各种商业崇信习俗。