我国企业年金可携带性问题探索

本文通过对企业年金可携带性问题及其重要性进行剖析,借鉴美国和欧盟在企业年金可携带性问题上的经验和最新研究成果,结合我国构建具有中国特色多层次养老保障体系的目标,深入探讨当前我国企业年金发展过程当中所面临的可携带性难题,并提出政策建议。     

Long guarantees with short duration: the rolling annuity

We present a new type of with-profits annuities which offer lifelong, yet hedgeable, guarantees. The rolling annuity gives a minimum lifelong guarantee at the time of contribution complemented with a series of guaranteed increases prior to retirement. Importantly, the initial guarantee and the subsequent increases are all set at prevailing market rates and hence are not known in advance. The structure of the guarantee implies that, prior to the last increase, the liability is equivalent to a zero-coupon bond maturing at the next increase and can therefore easily be hedged in the financial markets. Furthermore, the short duration implies that the financial and regulatory value will (essentially) coincide. We show financial fairness and we derive the reserve and thereby the hedging strategy. We also consider longevity risk, the duration profile, and report on a simulation study of the real value of the final payout.     

A common thread linking the design of guarantee and nonescalating payments of public annuities

Motivated by recent experiences in economies adopting the defined-contribution pension system, we study public annuities in the presence of survival probability heterogeneity. It is found that the difference of annuitization-weighted and unweighted averages of survival probabilities is a useful measure of the severity of adverse selection. We then examine public annuities with a guarantee feature which bundles annuity income and bequeathable wealth components. We show that when the heterogeneity in survival probability is limited, the magnitude of guarantee proportion is irrelevant. On the other hand, an increase in the guarantee proportion mitigates adverse selection when the extent of heterogeneity is sufficiently large, because the share of annuity purchase by retirees with lower (resp., higher) survival probabilities is increased (resp., decreased). We also obtain a similar set of results for public annuities with nonescalating payments. The results have useful implications regarding the design of public annuities.     

Fixed and variable longevity income annuities in defined contribution plans: Optimal retirement portfolios taking social security into account

This paper investigates retirees' optimal purchases of fixed and variable longevity income annuities using their defined contribution (DC) plan assets and given their expected social security benefits. As an alternative, we also evaluate using plan assets to boost social security benefits through delayed claiming. Using a calibrated life-cycle model, we determine that including deferred income annuities in DC accounts is welfare-enhancing for all sex/education groups examined. We also show that providing access to well-designed variable deferred annuities with some equity exposure further enhances retiree well-being, compared to having access only to fixed annuities. Nevertheless, for those facing the highest mortality rates, delaying claiming social security is mostly preferred, whereas those anticipating living longer than average will benefit more from using accumulated DC plan assets to purchase deferred annuities.     

基于神经网络的人身险公司经济资本计算方法探索

“偿二代”二期工程的实施对保险公司风险管理提出了更高要求，经济资本的计算受到保险公司重视。嵌套随机模拟法是传统的经济资本计算方法，但是绝大多数公司无法承担该方法所需的时间成本和算力资源。本文提出了一种基于神经网络的经济资本计算方法，并将其应用于最低年金给付保证的变额年金产品中。结果表明，相较于传统的嵌套随机模拟法，该计算方法所需的计算时间降低了大约三分之二，并且误差率可以控制在3%以内。