Taxes and production: The case of Pakistan

This paper investigates the effectiveness of investment incentives and corporate income taxes in influencing production and investment decisions in the Pakistani wearing apparel and leather products industries. Three tax instruments are considered: the corporate income tax (CIT), the investment tax credit (ITC), and the capital cost allowance (CCA).The results show that since there are significant capital adjustment costs, it is important to distinguish between the short, intermediate, and long-run effects associated with the tax instruments. Production decisions are relatively more responsive to changes in the ITC rate compared to changes in either CCA or CIT rates in each run. However, only in the long run for the apparel industry are the ITC and CCA rates cost effective in stimulating investment. The CIT is never cost effective. Thus targeted instruments outperform the general CIT instrument. In addition, although the incentive to invest is enhanced, there is little effect on output. Therefore, tax incentives essentially make production techniques more capital intensive.     

风险投资中委托代理问题的研究

风险投资的成功与否，很大程度上取决于风险资金投资者－风险投资家－风险企业家之间的委托代理关系链的运行。本文从分析美国成功的风险投资运作机制中揭示出风险投资各主体之间有效的激励与约束关系，指出风险投资机构是整个投资的中心环节。     

The Relations between Minimal Martingale Measure and Minimal Entropy Martingale Measure

We consider incomplete markets, where each risky asset fluctuation is a continuous semimartingale, and study a subset of Equivalent Local Martingale Measures in which Minimal Martingale Measure minimizes relative entropy.We also discuss, as special cases, some models with the risky assetfluctuation represented as a solution of some stochastic differential equations.Finally, we mention that the predictable representation property is essentialin order that Minimal Martingale Measure coincides with Minimal Entropy Martingale Measure.     

Innovation and Merger Decisions in the Pharmaceutical Industry

There is increasing public policy concern about the potentialeffects of mergers on innovation. This paper provides acomparative analysis of approaches to innovational competitiontaken by the E.U. and U.S. merger authorities in a sample of threerecent, major, pharmaceutical mergers. The European Commission'sapproach appears lighter handed and places more explicit emphasison effects in downstream markets. The uncertainties in the analysisof dynamic effects of mergers on innovation, even in pharmaceuticals,suggest the need for a cautious approach and for careful framingof any merger remedies where R & D projects and components, ratherthan approved drugs, are involved.     

政府人力资本投资角色选择及其政策取向

人力资本是现代经济增长与发展的源泉和根本动力，增加人力资本投资，提高人力资源质量，已成为推动经济发展的重要手段。人力资本作为生产要素，对我国经济增长具有决定性作用。人力资本投资的自身特性以及政府职能的转变，使政府不仅成为人力资本投资的主体，成为人力资本投资的组织引导者、社会人力资本投资的推动者、人力资本市场的培育者和行为规范者，而且成为人力资本投资的最大受益者。因此，应加大人力资本投资力度。促进经济增长。     

International Rent Sharing and Domestic Labour Markets: A Macroeconomic Analysis

Compared to international trade relations relatively little is known about the role foreign direct investment linkages play in the transmission of disturbances from one country to the next. Inspired by the microevidence on profit sharing within multinational corporations and within industries, we investigate for six countries whether a cross-border rent-sharing phenomenon can be identified at the macroeconomic level. The rent-sharing hypothesis implies that an increase in foreign profitability should boost wages and/or employment in the domestic economy. We find corroborative evidence for Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. US labour market conditions, by contrast, are not affected by changes in profitability in other countries. JEL no. E32, F23, F40, J23, J31     

我国企业有效开展员工培训的创新思考

文章通过分析我国企业员工培训的现状,阐明了其存在的问题,并从不同角度提出我国企业有效开展员工培训的创新策略。     

当前我国城乡人力资本形成差异的原因、影响及对策

当前我国城乡人力资本形成差异是在城乡经济发展不平衡规律的作用下,传统城乡分治的制度性因素主导作用的结果。这种状况对我国人力资本存量的增长、城乡经济发展差距缩小和人力资本市场化形成机制都极其不利,因此有必要从制度角度对其进行有效地遏止。     

增加人力资本投资是社会主义新农村建设的关键

培养具有先进文化和掌握现代科学文化知识的农业劳动力大军是建设社会主义新农村,促进农村社会和谐的关键。从我国目前农村发展的实际看,农村劳动力的知识技能已不能满足改造传统农业,发展现代农业的需要,与全面建设小康社会、实现和谐社会的目标不相适应。本文论述了人力资本投资与现代农业、农村社会和谐的内在联系,并针对我国目前农村人力资本投资的实际,提出了提高人力资本质量重在制度创新。     

What you are is what you like—similarity biases in venture capitalists' evaluations of start-up teams

This paper extends recent research studying biases in venture capitalist's decision making. We contribute to this literature by analyzing biases arising from similarities between a venture capitalist and members of a venture team. We summarize the psychological foundations of such similarity effects and derive a set of hypotheses regarding the impact of similarity on the assessment of team quality. Using data from a conjoint experiment with 51 respondents, we find that venture capitalists tend to favor teams that are similar to themselves in type of training and professional experience. Our results have important implications for academics and practitioners alike.