Production quality and pricing strategy for substitutable products under comparison effects

Comparison effects have been studied extensively in many fields. In particular, existing operations management articles have discussed the impact of comparison effects on enterprises' production and pricing decisions. Research has also shown that consumers' purchasing decisions are primarily determined by three factors: product quality, selling price, and comparison effects. The current study introduces the concepts of social and temporal comparison effects to examine how comparison effects influence a monopolist’s production quality and pricing strategy for substitutable products. Results reveal the following: (1) Setting different prices for even two types of substitutable products with negligible quality differences can divide customers into three groups under the influence of social comparison effects in a single-stage model. (2) The monopolist should avoid using a price discrimination strategy in which products with a short market life cycle have the same quality but different prices. (3) When the market life cycle of products is sufficiently long in the single-product market and the market with two substitutable products, the monopolist’s optimal choice in the second stage is to keep production quality constant and increase the selling price. Consequently, the number of buyers does not decrease because of temporal comparison effects. Therefore, the firm increases its revenue. (4) For the market with two substitutable products with quality differences, one approximate optimal strategy for the enterprise in the second stage is to keep the selling price constant with the assumption that product quality cannot be adjusted after the first period. At this point, the consumption situation in the market is the same as that in the first stage. Therefore, when no external constraints exist, the monopolist firm can obtain more benefits in the second stage than in the first stage by exploiting the temporal comparison effects of consumers in the second stage. (5) When consumer identity information can be confirmed in the market, social comparison effects, similar to temporal comparison effects, could help the enterprise increase its price and profit while maintaining product quality. These social and temporal comparison effects constrain consumers. Thus, the number of people who continue to buy products does not decrease.     

西方骑士文学与中国武侠文学发展历程之比较

西方骑士文学和中国武侠文学母题相似,都是歌颂正义必定战胜邪恶,但因二者产生的社会背景及根源的不同,因而在文学史上的发展历程及结局也大相径庭。西方骑士文学在封建制度灭亡之后,逐渐失去了生命力,而中国武侠文学却一直蓬勃发展。     

大河煤矿区富煤二矿主采煤层对比方法探讨

文章利用生物化石、岩性、岩相标志,煤层夹矸、顶、底板岩性特征以及煤岩层的组合规律、层间距、测井曲线等组合性标志对富煤二矿含煤地层中煤层进行对比,达到判别煤层层位的效果,对矿区生产及周边矿区的勘探、生产工作具有一定的指导意义。     

发达国家城市水污染治理的比较与启示

城市水污染对人类的生存安全构成重大威胁。我国城市水污染日益严峻。在广泛借鉴欧、美、日等发达国家已有治理经验的基础上,深入对比中外城市在管理体制、治理方式与监督机制等方面的差异,提出建立分工协作机制、明确市场作用、强化法律与公众的监管作用等途径,营造我国良好的城市水环境。     

价值工程在EPS外保温技术选择中的应用

本文针对目前国内常用的几种EPS外墙外保温技术,运用价值工程的方法对其在新建建筑和既有建筑中的应用进行比较,选出效果和价值均较优的技术,为我国今后建筑节能工作的开展和外保温材料的研制和推广提供有益的参考。     

初游者与重游者差异的系统比较——以海南国际旅游岛为例

初游者与重游者的差异比较对旅游地经营实践具有重要的意义。通过对海南国际旅游岛游客的调查获得基础数据,运用卡方检验和独立样本T检验的方法,细致比较了初游者和重游者在人口学特征、旅游行为特征的差异情况,发现初游者与重游者人口学特征的年龄、职业、婚姻状况、月收入、家庭结构以及旅游行为特征（游前、游中、游后三阶段）的较多方面存在差异。     

英汉指示代词及其翻译研究

英汉指示代词在语言和意义功能方面存在着差异,英汉互译过程中,不可能形成——对应的关系。译者应注意它们的意义功能及两种语言的表达习惯,选择相应的翻译策略。     

湘南湘北民歌差异研究

湘南、湘北民歌是湖南民歌中的重要部分,由于两地区分别位于湖南的南北两端,因此在湖南民歌中具有突出的代表意义。两地民歌中存在着一些重要的差异,而这些差异主要是由于两地在方言、民族结构和地理环境等方面的差异而造成的。     

基于比较视角的大型国企集团改革发展研究——以上海仪电集团与重庆四联集团比较为例

大型国企集团的改革发展对进一步深化中国国企改革具有十分重要的标杆意义。通过实地调研具有共同产业基础的上海仪电集团和重庆四联集团，剖析这两家大型国企集团改革发展的不同路径以及产生差异的原因，有助于揭示大型国企集团除了需要体制机制性的生态环境的优化外，还应有其他共性的改革发展的新要求和新探索。     

马克思与李嘉图的地租理论比较研究

马克思的地租理论是在批判、继承、发展李嘉图地租理论基础上形成的，两者在地租理论方面有相同之处更有不同之处。李嘉图地租理论是建立在劳动价值论的基础上的，马克思对其给予了高度的评价，但也批判了李嘉图地租理论中的许多错误之处，并阐述了李嘉图错误的原因，在批判的同时继承、发展了他的地租理论，使地租理论成为一个科学和完善的理论。