The burden of blood transfusion: a utilization and economic analysis – a pilot study in patients with chemotherapy-induced anemia (CIA)

Abstract

Objective:

The objective is to measure the burden of blood transfusion of Packed Red Blood Cells (PRBCs) in patients with chemotherapy-induced anemia (CIA) on the institutional outpatient transfusion center.

Methods:

This is a retrospective chart review (starting July 1, 2010, working backwards until 120 evaluable patients are accrued) at a single institutional transfusion center in the US. The mean and standard deviation (SD) were calculated for patient’s age, pre-transfusion Hgb level, and other transfusion-related activities.

Results:

One hundred and twenty records were reviewed. The majority included patients who were female (71%), African American (61%), and had either Medicare (48%) or private insurance (39%). The mean patient age was 59 years and the average pre-transfusion Hgb was 7.9?g/dL. The average patient visit to facility ranged from 213?min for one PRBC unit to 411 minutes for three PRBC units. The mean staff time for patient evaluation was 66 minutes. Actual time for transfusion was ～100?min for each PRBC unit; 90% of patients received two PRBC units. Staff was engaged in direct patient care for an average of 322?min for two PRBC units. The labor cost of transfusion (in 2011 $US) ranged from $46.13–$49.33 per PRBC unit. The estimated fully loaded bundled cost was $596.49 for transfusion of one unit of PRBC. Limitations of the study include: the site included in this study may not be applicable to all sites in practice and the evaluated patient population was varied, with the exception that all patients were treated for some type of malignancy; and the review of blood bank records for 120 patients was not 120 independent events and, as such, may not have adequately captured actual variability.

Conclusions:

This analysis quantifies expense in terms of time for administration of the transfusion, as well as costs associated with outpatient blood transfusions.     

绿色经济发展中政府介入时机与政策选择——基于技术采用均衡时间的比较静态分析

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油井含水经济极限分析

文章主要针对进入开发中后期的老油田面临油井含水上升、产量递减的问题，运用盈亏平衡分析原理，建立不同油井含水经济极限模型，井据此将油井分为A、B、C、D四类井。同时，运用单因素影响分析法，反算油井可承受的最低油价、最低开井时率及最高单井年操作成本，以便进行分类管理。     

不可再生保险资源约束下的保险业最优增长研究

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试论国内区际贸易与对外贸易利益的关系

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高速公路收费费率确定模型优化

从公路的经济学属性入手,讨论了公路特别是高速公路的收费理论,分析总结了国内外现有的收费费率确定方法。在此基础上,提出了确定收费费率的原则,并利用级差效益分享理论对原有确定收费费率的一般理论模型进行了优化。     

Relating Context Variables to Participative Budgeting and Evaluative Use of Performance Measures: A Meta‐analysis

Extant findings regarding how context variables relate to participative budgeting and the evaluative use of accounting performance measures (APM) are contradictory. Unlike previous reviews of such findings, this empirical article uses a meta‐analysis to examine the relations of context variables with participative budgeting or evaluative use of APM to determine (i) how the variables relate and (ii) which factors might cause between‐correlation variance, such as statistical artefacts or moderating influences of variable measures, sample selection, or industry differences. All meta‐analyses are based on rather small samples. Three groups of context variables emerge. First, some relate significantly and homogeneously to participative budgeting or evaluative use of APM; these direct relations should be considered explicitly in further studies. Second, for some variables, the relations are homogeneous but not significant, such that they are neither simple nor direct. Third, substantial variance exists in the correlations for some context variables; these relations are contingent on other influences. Industry differences and sample selection explain some inconsistencies in exploratory moderator analyses and should receive additional research attention.     

基于虚拟利润的高新技术企业成本管理方法研究

高新技术产品成本具有高投入,高收益、高风险和高不确定性的特点。降低成本最有效的方法就是在设计—制造—维护的循环中持续地创新,这使得成本具有关联性和放大性,应该用系统的方法来考察全流程的成本。研发成本、市场成本与收益是非线形关系并且具有边际收益递增的特征,由此导致扩张性成本的产生,其理念几乎与传统成本管理理论对立。可持续发展要求企业追求利润,技术、质量等多重目标,如何合理地评价非财务收益和控制其成本是成本管理的难点。本文提出了利用虚拟利润建立高新技术企业成本管理方法的设想。     

中国区域生态效率测度与差异性分析

生态效率是区域可持续发展的重要测度指标,反映了区域经济发展有效应用资源减轻环境压力的效率。尝试将超效率DEA方法应用到生态效率测度中,对中国2000—2009年区域生态效率展开评估,并据此进行各区域类型划分,进而从全国及东中西三大经济带视角研究区域生态效率的差异性。研究发现：在此期间中国整体生态效率呈稳定上升趋势,但生态效率差异明显且有增大趋势,各区域生态效率同其经济发展水平密切相关,东中西三大经济带生态效率演化规律各异,东部地区生态效率提升动力强劲但内部各省份差异呈现增大趋势,中西部地区生态效率提升动力不足且其内部省份差异趋稳。     

内蒙古经济发展与工业污染关系的动态分析

本文结合内蒙古区情,对内蒙古经济发展和环境污染关系进行动态分析。首先,根据研究目的进行指标的选取。其次,构造经济发展综合指数,利用灰色预测模型对经济发展综合指数进行两期预测,进一步说明内蒙古经济发展情况。再次,运用单位根检验得出序列一阶差分后均平稳,属于同阶单整序列,满足协整检验的条件,由协整检验得出工业三废增速和经济增长率存在长期协整关系,通过用差分后的数据建立VAR模型进行脉冲响应分析和方差分解分析,得出经济发展和工业环境污染的双向作用机制：经济增长率与工业三废排放量增速互相有不同程度的正向冲击,工业三废之间作为有机整体互相影响从而加速工业环境的恶化。最后结合分析结果提出走新型工业化道路的对策。