The price relationship between organic and non-organic vegetables in the U.S.: evidence from Nielsen scanner data

This study investigates price relationships between organic and conventional carrots, tomatoes, and lettuce in the U.S. utilizing Nielsen scanner data from 2006–2015. We employ a threshold vector error correction model (TVECM), threshold vector autoregressive model (TVAR), and threshold cointegration test to test whether market integration exists between organic and conventional vegetables as well as the existence of asymmetric price transmission. The results find positive long-run relationships between organic and conventional prices of carrots and tomatoes and show the existence of asymmetric price transmission in price pairs of lettuce and tomatoes. Our findings suggest that the price relationship between organic and conventional vegetables varies by characteristics, such as shelf life, volatility in the price premium, and substitutability.     

昆明旅游环境的建设与保护探讨

昆明的历史文化名城旅游环境是由自然系统、人工系统和文化系统构成。自然生态环境、城市历史中的形态价值、人类文化遗产、社会文化氛围等都是其构成的要素。昆明在历史文化名城旅游环境的建设与保护中必须注重自然生态环境、人类文化遗产及社会文化氛围、视觉景观的保护；注重建筑环境、生态植被和植物景观的设计和保护；注重旅游行为的引导，才能实现历史文化名城旅游环境的优化。     

可持续发展视角下的大湘西民俗旅游开发

从大湘西的旅游资源来看,民俗旅游资源是其特色资源和优势资源,在开发中要树立大湘西民俗旅游可持续发展的理念,保护好民俗文化生态环境,实现民俗的保护、传承和旅游发展双赢.发展中要坚持民俗文化独特性等原则,选择原生态民族村寨等优化模式,并建立相应的保证机制.     

“连接自然与文化” ① ：西方哲学背景下 的全球议题

文化遗产保护是动态发展的概念，总结了文化景观 的3类意义：1)文化景观作为物质实体；2)文化景观作为概念 和过程；3)文化景观作为方法和工具。指出当前世界遗产及 文化景观保护中存在的自然和文化分离现象，揭示了西方哲学 的二元两分法的背景根源。介绍了IUCN和ICOMOS为融合 自然与文化而进行的“连接实践项目”和“自然文化之旅”2 个项目，推广他们在不同地理和文化背景下，为更好地连接自 然与文化遗产的治理和管理实践所作出的杰出贡献和引领作 用，主张非西方原住民社区、地方社区应该在推进“自然文化 之旅”工作中占有核心地位。     

西方跨文化管理研究的层次分析与时间演进——文献综述

本文在大量相关文献分析的基础上，借鉴国内外相关研究成果，对西方跨文化管理理论研究中的理论、方法、模型与时间阶段进行了系统分析。从层次分析的角度，本文检视了霍夫斯塔对人类精神程序的层次分析、文化的横向层次分析和卡罗汉纳的纵向层次分析。从时间演进的角度，本文将西方跨文化管理研究分为20世纪50年代的初步研究、60-70年代的组织理论研究、80年代的日美文化比较研究、20世纪80～90年代的维度理论与结构性分析、21世纪初的整合性研究五个阶段。     

中外合资企业管理中的文化整合分析

合资企业不仅是中国利用外国资金的基本形式,也是中国引进先进技术和设备,学习国外先进管理经验的重要渠道.但是,必须看到由于合作双方来自不同的国家和地区,其社会政治法律制度不同,文化背景不同,由此而形成的经营理念、管理决策思维、企业行为方式等也有着很大的差异,因此在合作过程中出现管理冲突是不可避免的.正确认识中外双方的文化差异,努力促进不同文化的融合,消除管理冲突,对促进合资企业的发展有着极为重要的意义.     

世界遗产“文化自然之旅”与中国 文化景观之贡献

从最近ICOMOS大会世界遗产热点“文化自然之旅”着眼，回溯世界遗产的文化与自然保护发展历程的主要节点，厘清自然文化之旅的历史脉络，助益遗产保护者透彻理解今天国际文件的背景及其重要性，指出文化与自然的融合是国际社会一直努力的方向，中国“天人合一”的文化景观，尤其是中国风景名胜区对世界遗产自然和文化的融合具有重大的价值，应该成为国际“文化自然之旅”的引领者。     

Explaining Real Commercial Rents Using an Error Correction Model with Panel Data

This paper presents rent models for retail and office property in the United Kingdom. Panel data are used covering eleven regions for 29 years, enabling us to overcome the limitations of a relatively short time series. We use an error correction model (ECM) framework to estimate long-run equilibrium relationships and short-term dynamic corrections. The combination of panel data and an ECM is an innovative approach that is still being developed in economics. We construct new supply series that combine infrequent stock data with more frequent construction data. Separate regional models are estimated for retail and office properties. The regions are then combined into a number of panels on the basis of the income and price elasticities in the long-run and short-run models. Unlike previous studies, we find no evidence of a board north–south divide between low growth and high growth regions. Like these studies we do find a London effect: in London, demand elasticities for space with respect to both price (rent) and income are much lower in magnitude. We conclude that, while the economic drivers may vary, there is no evidence of differences in the operation of the regional property markets outside London. Elasticities for retail and office are similar. Our final models are parsimonious with single measures of economic activity and of supply and always support the use of an ECM.     

Utilizing Printed Media to Understand Desired Leadership Attributes in the People's Republic of China

Using news media as a reliable source, we content analyzed stories on business leaders in two major official Chinese newspapers in three different time periods over the past 20 years. Results show that the reform has brought an increase in stories of business leaders, and in coverage of the desirable leadership attributes relating to Confucian virtues, communist ideologies, and modern management philophies. The results suggest that, by publicizing and adorning specific leaders in both government and business sectors in the official media, the government reinforces the traditional values that are consistent with communist ideologies, and at the same time, it also introduces Western management values to suit the current needs of the society. The results of our study echo the findings of empirical studies on Chinese values that used data collected using other methods. We therefore encourage future research to use the printed media as a potentially valuable source of data for tracking changes in social phenomena in a society over time.     

Real estate return correlations: Real-world limitations on relationships inferred from NCREIF data

Correlation estimates for returns between individual properties are subject to large inherent uncertainties due to limits on the amount of data that is likely to be available for the foreseeable future. After allowance for correlation sampling error, it is impossible to distinguish on an ex ante basis between the risk-reduction capabilities of mean-variance portfolio selection models and naive diversification without regard to property type or geographical location. The naive portfolio diversification strategies of typical institutional real estate portfolio managers are rational responses to limitations on the informational content of statistical analyses of historical real estate data.