水利工程造价分析

文章介绍了水利工程造价与其他工程造价相比所具有的一些特点,并通过分析目前水利工程造价存在的实际问题,提出解决问题的建议,以求最大可能地控制好投资,使投资的经济效益最大化。     

Cost–consequence analysis of a hemostatic matrix alone or in combination for spine surgery patients

Background: A five-year retrospective database analysis comparing the use of Floseal¹ flowable topical hemostat alone (F) and in combination with gelatin/thrombin (F?+?G/T) to achieve hemostasis and control surgical bleeding showed higher resource utilization for F?+?G/T cases relative to F matched pairs during spinal surgery. Lower resource use in the F group was characterized by shorter hospital length of stay and surgical time as well as fewer blood transfusions and less hemostat agent used per surgery.

Objective: To evaluate the cost–consequence of using F compared to F?+?G/T in minor, major and severe spinal surgery from the US hospital perspective.

Methods: A cost–consequence model was developed using the US hospital perspective. Model inputs include clinical inputs from the literature, cost inputs (hemostatic matrices, blood product transfusion, hospital stay and operating room time) from the literature, and an analysis of annual spine surgery volume (minor, major and severe) using the 2012 National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database. Costs are reported in 2017?US dollars. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses address sources of variability in the results.

Results: A medium-volume hospital (130 spine surgeries per year) using F versus F?+?G/T for spine surgeries is expected to require 85 less hours of surgical time, 58 fewer hospital days and 7 fewer blood transfusions in addition to hemostat volume savings (F: 1?mL, thrombin: 1994?mL). The cost savings associated with the hospital resources for a medium-volume hospital are expected to be $317,959 (surgical hours?=?$154,746, hospital days?=?$125,237, blood transfusions?=?$19,023, hemostatic agents?=?$18,953) or $2445 per spine surgery.

Conclusions: The use of F versus F?+?G/T could lead to annual cost savings for US hospitals performing a low to high volume of spinal surgeries per year.     

碳价冲击对我国制造业发展的影响分析——基于分行业面板数据的实证研究

碳市场形成的碳价格会影响制造业各分行业成本的变动,从而导致经济增长水平、能源消费量及要素市场价格的改变。采用2001-2011年中国制造业各行业GDP水平、碳排放量、能源消耗量、人力资本及物质资本等数据,以每吨60元碳价水平为基准测算碳价冲击对制造业总体及各分行业的影响。结果表明:碳价冲击有助于提高制造业整体的增长水平,减少生产过程中对能源要素的需求,并可能改变要素市场上各要素的相对价格。为进一步研究制造业不同行业的异质性,将27个目标行业划分为高碳行业和低碳行业,研究这两种不同类型的行业组在受到气候政策规制时对相关指标的影响。研究显示:无论是低碳行业还是高碳行业,碳减排政策都有助于提升产出水平,但对这两类行业能源消耗的影响不同,其中高碳行业在受到碳价冲击时会增加资本要素的投入水平,以替代原有的能源要素需求;而低碳行业并没有显著减少对能源要素的需求。     

以交易成本理论探究网路消费者行为

本研究旨在结合交易成本理论与其它影响因子（如产品品质、知觉风险与知觉价值）,试图发展整合型研究模式以探究网路消费者行为。实证分析方法主要运用叙述性统计分析、因素分析、信度分析与路径分析。研究发现网路服务品质、产品品质与交易成本均对于知觉风险与知觉价值存在显着的地影响效果。其次,知觉风险与知觉价值也会对网路购买意图产生显着影响效果．此外,实证分析结果亦显示网路服务品质、产品品质与交易成本均可透过知觉风险与知觉价值,对于网路购买意图产生影响效果。     

Economies of scale in the Australian tourism industry

The measurement of economies of scale in the tourism industry has not been done to this point, as tourism is not a specific industry according to international statistical standards. Among many industries related to tourism, four sectors (accommodation, transport, retail trade and recreational services) across six states and two territories from 1997 to 2007 are studied as they contribute nearly 70% of tourism output in Australia. By comparing regression results from the Cobb–Douglas (C–D) production function and the translog production function, we find that there is evidence of increasing returns in transport, retail trade and recreational services at the industry level. However, accommodation is characterized by constant returns to scale at the industry level. As accommodation is responsible for the biggest share of tourism output, this suggests that overall the tourism sector is not characterized by increasing returns. We also find that the degrees of returns to scale from the C–D and translog production functions are different and that the imposition of input share also influences the empirical results. Both of these factors stress the importance of model specification to the measurement of economies of scale.     

水路运输企业成本核算

中国水路运输业发展迅速,运力规模和运量的成倍增长,使得中国水路运输企业在世界水路运输业中的地位不断上升;但水路运输企业利润的增长速度与业务量的增长速度不匹配,关键原因在于成本控制意识的缺失和成本核算方法不规范。文章在全面了解和分析水路运输企业经营过程的基础上,总结出水路运输企业成本核算的方法以供水路运输企业参考。     

Intertemporal production and intertemporal substitution in output supply and input demand

This article presents an intertemporal model of production with multiple inputs to investigate substitution opportunities facing firms over time. The firm’s intertemporal profit maximization problem is characterized with the familiar cost function, and various intertemporal substitution elasticities are delineated for output supply and input demand. The absence of intertemporal substitution in production can imply production smoothing, and allowance for intertemporal substitution in labour demand reinforces the prediction of the real business cycle model. For aggregate US manufacturing, we find substantial substitution in output supply and labour demand over time due to intertemporal changes in output price and wage rates.     

行为审计收益与成本属性的研究

成本理论是经济学的基本理论之一,该理论认为,在资源稀缺的条件下,经济活动追求的是利润最大化,这就要求收益最大,成本最低。通过审计绩效最优化对审计成本收益的配比进行分析,认为要树立正确的行为审计收益成本观,必须平衡追求业绩和成本的关系。正确的行为审计收益成本观就是在实施行为审计合规性与有效性的基础之上,以最小的行为审计成本追求最大的行为审计收益。通过审计收益成本模型建立的研究,将行为审计收益融入成本管理,确保行为审计绩效的最大化。     

威廉姆森交易费用理论述评

通过对威廉姆森关于交易费用的界定、合同人的假设、交易维度及契约类型和治理结构等内容介绍和评价,并且概括了威廉姆森关于交易费用理论应用范围和领域,旨在客观地评价威廉姆森关于交易费用理论的学术贡献及其理论渊源及实质。