金融衍生品、美元本位制与全球金融危机

这次由美国次贷危机引发的全球金融危机的直接原因是金融衍生品的泛滥和传递,其根本原因则是以美元本位体制和浮动汇率制为核心的全球金融制度安排,或者说是国际货币体系内在缺陷的结果.因此,当前需要约束美元霸权行为,对国际货币体系进行改革和重构;打破美元的垄断地位,推动实现国际货币的多元化;完善IMF的治理结构和SDR的机制,使IMF最终充当世界中央银行,SDR成为统一的世界货币.     

全球失衡、美元霸权及其对人民币汇改的影响

全球经济失衡持续加深,其根源是新时期的美元霸权与"新特里芬难题".当今的美元霸权是在全球金融自由化不断深入,且美元不再与黄金挂钩的国际浮动汇率制下形成的,这为美国谋取美元霸权的利益带来了更大的便利.美元霸权导致人民币升值绩效的弱化;对人民币汇改的速度也会产生负面影响:导致"浮动恐惧"和美元大权重之刚性.人民币汇率决不是全球失衡的"救命稻草",美国必须为化解全球经济失衡发挥主导作用.     

后金融危机时代美欧金融发展形势及启示

后金融危机时代,美国的金融霸权未被金融危机动摇,突出表现在美国仍然掌控货币霸权、金融机构霸权、国际金融话语霸权等,且美国继续滥用其金融霸权地位。而欧洲则深陷欧债危机,其主要原因包括欧洲国家自身经济失调、欧元区内部的不平等地位和国际评级机构的不公正评级等。我国应根据美欧金融形势和经验教训,坚持稳中求进,深入实施扩大内需,转变经济结构,把握发展实体经济这一坚实基础,稳健发展虚拟经济,合理制定与调整我国金融业发展战略,加强我国金融业实力和地位,注意对国内金融创新的监督,构建我国金融业全面风险管理体系。     

“新技术民族主义”还是“技术霸权主义”

本文在准确分析全球技术贸易的格局及中国所处地位的基础上,力图从理论上探讨“新技术民族主义”的合理性,进而深刻地认识基于WTO规则下的技术贸易和技术发展的实质和特征,借鉴美国、欧盟等发达国家推进自主创新的政策及其措施,以促进中国的科技进步及其经济增长。     

国际货币体系失衡下中国外汇储备的“美元困境”

在美元本位的国际货币体系主导下,中国近几年连年实现双顺差、高储蓄,进而导致巨额外汇储备,其中美元资产占据很大比例。美国作为国际货币发行国,近几年实行各种经济刺激政策且毫无约束,在帮助其经济走出衰退的同时,亦导致美元不断贬值,这使得我国外汇储备面临很大的缩水风险。本文从国际货币体系失衡的角度剖析了中国外汇储备过度增长所产生的负面影响,并提出相应的政策建议。     

债务经济、美元回流与全球经济失衡——兼论后危机时代中国的应对

金融危机予美国经济以重创,美国迫切需要在全球转嫁其损失,以实现其所谓的全球经济再平衡。文章探讨了美国如何借助美元这一霸权货币,通过美元的国际循环在全球进行债务扩散,以及由此造成全球经济结构失衡的内在机理。研究发现,当前国际分工格局的错位导致了美国巨大的贸易逆差,美国的高赤字率和低储蓄率是造成经济失衡的根源;美国通过美元输出及美元回流在全球进行债务扩散及债务转嫁;经济结构的严重失衡及美联储量化宽松的货币政策导致超发货币,这必然加速美元危机的到来。后危机时代经济失衡的治理必须加强中国等新兴国家的作用。     

Time-Varying Fundamentals of the Euro–Dollar Exchange Rate

Abstract

This study examines changes in the impact of the economic fundamentals on the euro–dollar exchange rate. First, the monetary model is augmented with the equity markets and the model is estimated in its structural form. Second, the time-varying impacts of the long-run fundamentals representing equilibrium in different markets on the euro–dollar exchange rate are examined using Kalman filtering. The time-varying structural model indicated that the relative importance of the different fundamentals was not equal and the impact of the fundamentals was time-dependent.     

Combining value averaging and Bollinger Band for an ETF trading strategy

The decision-making of investors is highly influenced by their feelings. According to behavioural finance, investor greed and fear would form irrational behaviour and affect their portfolio allocation. Although well-known mechanical investment strategy of dollar cost averaging (DCA) and value averaging (VA) could eliminate the problems of when to purchase, there are still some disadvantages to consider. For example, using a DCA strategy may be able to decrease volatility in portfolio so as to not effect investment decision, but it gives no rule for selling and may increase the opportunity cost of time if investors start deducted at peak prices. On the other hand, VA gives more aggressive sell signals to control the value of the portfolio to the level desired, but the investor may not have enough money purchase of a large number of shares in sharp decline period. Therefore, we use VA as main strategy and Bollinger Band as assist indicator for check for volatility for entry or exit. Through analysis and simulation, the new strategy we design does improve the performance during both bull and bear market periods.     

Hot Money Flows,Cycles in Primary Commodity Prices,and Financial Control in Developing Countries

Because the U.S. Federal Reserve’s monetary policy is at the center of the world dollar standard, it has a first-order impact on global financial stability. However, except during international crises, the Fed focuses on domestic American economic indicators and generally ignores collateral damage from its monetary policies on the rest of the world. Currently, ultra-low interest rates on short-term dollar assets ignite waves of hot money into Emerging Markets (EM) with convertible currencies. When each EM central bank intervenes to prevent its individual currency from appreciating, collectively they lose monetary control, inflate, and cause an upsurge in primary commodity prices internationally. These bubbles burst when some accident at the center, such as a banking crisis, causes a return of the hot money to the United States (and to other industrial countries) as commercial banks stop lending to foreign exchange speculators. World prices of primary products then collapse. African countries with exchange controls and less convertible currencies are not so attractive to currency speculators. Thus, they are less vulnerable than EM to the ebb and flow of hot money. However, African countries are more vulnerable to cycles in primary commodity prices because food is a greater proportion of their consumption, and—being less industrialized—they are more vulnerable to fluctuations in prices of their commodity exports. Supply-side shocks, such as a crop failure anywhere in the world, can affect the price of an individual commodity. But joint fluctuations in the prices of all primary products—minerals, energy, cereals, and so on—reflect monetary conditions in the world economy as determined by the ebb and flow of hot money from the United States, and increasingly from other industrial countries with near-zero interest rates.     

The Credibility of Hong Kong's Link from the Perspective of Modern Financial Theory

Hong Kong's linked exchange rate system (LERS) has been in operation since 1983, during which time many other fixed exchange rate systems have succumbed to shocks and/or speculative attacks. This paper investigates how market participants assessed changes made to the LERS by using the tools of modern finance to extract information from financial asset prices about market expectations. These changes have been characterized as making the system less discretionary over time. We find that decreasing the discretionary element of the LERS led to an increase in credibility of the arrangement.