企业私有化程度提高则社会环境会变差？

从企业私有化角度出发,构建二元经济理论模型和实证模型分析私有化对环境污染的影响。理论研究发现,由于城市部门资本密集程度高于农村部门,而且如果农村劳动者从环境改善中获得的边际效用小于城市劳动者从环境改善中获得的边际效用,那么提高私有化导致单位产出污染排放减少时会引起：（1）劳动和资本要素会向城市流动,城市工业部门产出增加;农业部门由于劳动和资本流出而导致产出减少,即城市扩张而农村收缩;(2)城市地区的失业总人数会增加;(3)私有化导致单位产出污染排放减少的效应大于工业产出增加导致污染排放增加的效应,最终导致社会环境改善,但如果私有化导致单位产出污染排放增加,则会得出相反的结论。实证结果表明：企业私有化水平提高有利于降低单位产出固体废物、废水、二氧化硫和烟尘等污染物的排放,资本投入也有利于降低单位产出污染物的排放。     

负债代理成本影响因素实证分析——来自我国上市公司的证据

本文以我国上市公司面板数据及横截面数据为基础,运用线性回归分析对影响公司负债代理成本的因素进行了实证检验。结果发现,负债代理成本与债务期限结构、公司规模、财务灵活性及盈利能力的变化显著负相关;与公司未来成长性、资产期限、负债规模的变化显著正相关。     

江苏发达县域高新企业“双元”创新发展评价

县域创新作为区域科技创新的“最后一站”,如何提升创新能力是急需解决的问题。选择江苏省发达县域的代表城市张家港为样本,通过对张家港“双元”创新的整体现状进行实地调研,发现县域“双元”创新的困境和制约因素,提出“突出顶层规划,完善创新机制;突出平台建设,增强产业支撑;培育保护知识产权,确保企业创新活力;突出人才引领,强化针对措施;提升全民科学素质,深化‘大众创业、万众创新’”等江苏发达县域高新企业“双元”创新发展对策。     

The perceiver’s social role and a risk’s causal structure as determinants of environmental risk evaluation

We present a dual-process risk perception model that integrates cognitive and emotional as well as consequentialist and deontological components by distinguishing between two modes of evaluative processing: (a) a consequentialist evaluation that focuses on potential consequences and (b) a deontological evaluation that focuses on moral values. Each of these two modes is assumed to trigger specific cognitive evaluations, specific emotions, and specific behavioral tendencies concerning a perceived risk. We conducted an experiment (N = 270) that tested whether the relative dominance of the two evaluative modes would depend on the causal structure of the environmental risk being evaluated and on the social role of the evaluator. Three types of causal structure were varied by providing scenario information: (a) anthropogenic risks that endanger only nature, (b) naturally caused risks with potential harmful consequences for humans, and (c) anthropogenic risks that may harm humans. Participants evaluated each scenario from the perspective of one of three social roles: mayor, expecting parent, and environmental activist. For each scenario, participants specified their focus and evaluated the event’s morality and perceived risk, the intensity of specific emotions, and their preferences for prospective behaviors. Results showed that the consequentialist evaluation was generally stronger than the deontological evaluation and was less affected by the experimental manipulations. The deontological evaluation was substantially affected by the risk’s causal structure. It was stronger for anthropogenic than for natural causation; risks caused by humans were associated with greater perceived moral blameworthiness, more intense morality-based emotions (e.g. outrage), and a stronger tendency to perform agent-related behaviors (e.g. aggression) than naturally occurring risks. The effect of the social role was less pronounced than that of the causal structure. Furthermore, the effect of an evaluative focus on behavior was fully mediated by emotions for deontological evaluations and partially mediated for consequentialist evaluations. The implications for environmental risk perception and communication are discussed.     

Layering of IFRS and Dual Institutionality of Accounting Standards in Belarus

There is an ongoing debate about the applicability and efficacy of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption in countries with diverse institutional infrastructures. We examine financial reporting in Belarus and factors that are shaping its development. In Belarus, IFRS has been adopted through layering where it is an additional requirement to the existing reporting specified by the national accounting regulations. We explore how global standards were transposed and function in a highly specific institutional context. Based on an examination of reporting in the banking sector, we conclude that different objectives of IFRS and local reporting contribute to dual institutionality of standards where differing formats target the needs of diverse users. Thus, adoption through layering is unlikely to contribute to convergence between different reporting standards used for different purposes, and parallel reporting is expected to persist. By examining financial reporting practices in Belarus, we provide insights for practitioners, regulators, and standard-setters on implementation of IFRS in countries with similar heavy state involvement, and still using local regulations and traditions in parallel with IFRS.     

房地产属性、收入差距与房价变动趋势

以往关于收入差距与房价之间关系的研究,较少兼顾房地产的消费与投资双重属性。文章基于双重属性的角度,首先从理论上阐述了收入差距与房价之间的动态关系。在经济发展水平较低的情况下,房地产的消费属性凸显,收入差距扩大会抑制房价上涨;随着经济的进一步发展,房地产单一属性不明显,收入差距变化对房价不存在显著影响;当经济发展水平较高时,房地产投资属性占优,收入差距扩大会促进房价上涨。进一步对理论结果进行实证研究发现,整体上我国收入差距与房价之间无显著相关关系,单一属性不明显;但就省际差异而言,在经济发展水平较高的省份,收入差距促进了房价上涨,而在经济发展水平较低的省份,收入差距则抑制了房价上涨。随着时间的变化,收入差距由抑制房价上涨转变为促进房价上涨。     

公共消费的理论创新与政策选择

公共消费包括政府自身消费和社会性消费,以公共风险为逻辑基础,并兼具经济和社会双重属性,既有利于维护经济稳定平衡,是可持续发展的基础;又有利于促进社会公平正义,是国民素质和社会文明程度提高的保障。目前理论界对公共消费问题的探讨大多基于经济视角,基于经济与社会双重视角审视公共消费理论,应树立“消费者主权”意识,明确我国公共消费政策方向。     

The Value of Precontract Information About an Agent's Ability in the Presence of Moral Hazard and Adverse Selection

We analyze the expected value of information about an agent's type in the presence of moral hazard and adverse selection. Information about the agent's type enables the principal to sort/screen agents of different types. The value of the information decreases in the variability of output and the agent's risk aversion, two factors that are typically associated with the severity of the moral hazard problem. However, the value of the information about agent type first increases but ultimately decreases in the severity of adverse selection. The decrease comes about because the means available to the principal to induce effort—namely, the pay–performance sensitivity—must also be used to sort/screen agents, and these two goals conflict. This decline in value occurs despite the monotonically increasing importance of the information in determining the principal's expected profits. Further, we show that the peak value of information occurs at a predictable level of adverse selection. These results imply that over some range, the importance of the information will be increasing, and the value of the information will be simultaneously decreasing, in the severity of adverse selection.     

基于主体建模方法及其在宏观经济学中的应用

本文介绍了一种新型宏观经济学研究范式———基于主体建模方法。与主流的动态随机一般均衡模型相比,基于主体建模方法能更好地描述实际生活中经济主体的有限理性和适应性预期的行为,同时它还可以模拟复杂性系统中的异质性主体之间的交互作用,从而研究经济系统的演化过程及其宏观特征的“涌现”过程。此外,本文还介绍了基于主题建模方法在货币政策和经济波动理论中的应用：在政策分析中,基于主题建模方法能大量模拟市场参与者决策的“动物精神”和“羊群效应”,即使没有外部冲击,也可能形成金融危机等非均衡经济现象。随着计算机水平的发展,基于主题建模方法必将成为经济学分析的一个有力的新工具。     

城乡居民收入性质对城乡消费差距的影响研究

针对中国城乡居民消费差距高位徘徊、消费结构二元并行格局的研究要突破收入数量视角,从收入性质视角予以深刻剖析。基于经典消费理论核心思想,引申出收入的暂时性、流动性、相对性、可预期性和跨期支配性等性质,并采用1991—2013年中国29个省份的相关数据,运用固定效应变系数面板模型实证分析收入性质对城乡消费差距的影响,研究表明：在收入量既定的条件下,收入性质对城乡消费差距的影响显著;农村居民持久收入增长幅度超过城镇居民、收入向上流动幅度大于城镇居民,才能使城乡消费差距缩小;农村居民对正向不确定收入的消费倾向于抑制,而对负向不确定收入的消费则存在棘轮效应;农村居民收入跨期支配性对城乡消费差距具有弥合效应。因此,在增加农民收入数量的同时,也应注重其收入性质的改善,才能有效缩小城乡消费差距。