我国电力价格问题分析与改革建议

本文首先从经济学角度分析了自然垄断行业的定价,回顾并分析了中国20世纪80年代以来的电价改革,指出了前两次改革的得失,然后针对中国的电力定价机制,分析了现行电价存在的问题,最后从政府和企业两个方面提出了相应的措施。     

我国电力消费与经济增长的关系研究

运用单位根检验、协整分析与误差修正模型,能够研究电力消费与经济增长之间的长期均衡关系。结果显示,电力消费与经济增长之间存在协整关系,且通过Granger因果检验发现前者是后者的格兰杰因。这一结果有助于我们了解电力行业在经济发展中的重要作用,并且对我国的电力建设、电力需求预测与电力方面政策的制定有着现实意义。     

我国天然气发电存在问题及对策建议

天然气发电具有能源利用效率高、环境影响小、启停灵活等优势,积极发展,有利于提高能源利用效率、保护大气环境、优化电源结构、满足电力系统调峰要求等。对我国天然气发电存在的主要问题进行了分析,提出了我国天然气发电健康有序发展的对策和措施建议。     

销售电价政策性调整模型及其分析

销售电价改革呼声日涨,销售电价由市场决定是改革的最终目标,考虑到我国实际情况及电力行业作为国民经济的基础,实现销售电价由政府管制状态向市场化的平稳过渡是改革成功的关键。本文从电价制定者的角度出发,考虑基础产业价格的敏感性与社会福利最大化,设计出基于非线性规划理论和最优控制理论的销售电价静、动态调整模型,使用Kuhn—Tucker定理和Hamilton方法求解模型并给出仿真算例。结果表明：本文设计的静、动态调整模型均能实现电价有效平稳过渡,而基于最优控制的动态调整策略更能有效利用电力资源和充分增加社会整体福利。     

Elasticity of substitution and technical efficiency: evidence from the US electricity generation

ABSTRACT

The implications of national or regional energy policies for technical efficiency and environmental outcomes in electricity generation depend on fossil fuel input substitution. This study uses state level data to examine fossil fuel (coal and natural gas) substitution in electricity generation under increased availability of natural gas in the United States. We observe that changes in elasticities of substitution from pre-2009 to post-2009 differ across states suggesting that the effects of increased availability of inexpensive natural gas on electricity generation have been spatially heterogeneous. We rely on the observed heterogeneity to assess the effects of fossil fuel input substitution on technical efficiency and CO₂ emissions. The results reveal that state level elasticity of substitution between natural gas and coal has a positive effect on technical efficiency and a negative effect on CO₂ emissions. Therefore, future policy design and analyses should reflect the implications for regional elasticities of fossil fuel substitution and associated environmental outcomes.     

谈电力垄断行业的改革

电力垄断行业的改革对于我国电力行业的发展具有重要意义。这就要求相关部门人员从多个方面考虑,实现水电等可再生能源的发展,提高能源的利用效率,以此来为我国社会发展创造一个崭新的电力行业。     

Electricity awareness and consumer demand for information

With the envisioned growth in the residential electricity demand and increased share of intermittent renewables in the supply mix, consumers will need to be better informed about their electricity consumption and to play an active role in managing their electricity use. However, consumer inattention and lack of information are ubiquitous, especially in household energy‐related settings. Thus, using a novel survey and actual monthly electricity consumption data, this study set out to measure the level of awareness about electricity bills, prices and costs among some Finnish households—as captured by the answers to six questions—and to investigate whether higher levels of “electricity awareness” are associated with electricity savings. In addition, this study analyses the willingness to receive extra information about energy consumption and savings and how it differs between “electricity aware” and “electricity unaware” respondents. The results indicate low levels of “electricity awareness” among the respondents of the survey. Compared to the respondents with little knowledge about electricity bills, prices and costs, the respondents with higher levels of “electricity awareness” tend to consume less electricity. Higher levels of awareness about electricity use and consumption might “materialize” inconspicuous consumption patterns, as opposed to more general facts about the largely invisible environmental consequences of everyday practices. More than two‐thirds of the total number of respondents would like to receive additional information about energy consumption and how to save energy. However, there exists a significant portion of “electricity unaware” respondents who are not only unwilling to receive such information, but are also unaware of their own knowledge deficits. To maximize the impact of any information strategy, decision makers should attempt to engage with this type of consumer; by becoming more aware of their knowledge deficits, people might become more receptive to information that can benefit them.     

国外电力改革对我国电力零售市场建设的启示

我国电力市场改革已经走出了第一步：厂网分开,实现了发电侧的竞争。但是真正完善的市场,还必须在售电侧引入竞争,才能实现电力市场化改革的目的。因此,我们要及时建立起竞争性的电力零售市场,通过零售竞争,获得全面、充分的经济效益。文章主要对英国、美国和北欧等电力产业改革比较典型的国家和地区的改革进行系统阐述,通过对他们的经验教训进行总结,为我国进一步构建完整的竞争性电力零售市场提供有益的借鉴。     

从OECD国家发展历程看我国2020年能源电力消费

详细分析了OECD 10个主要国家在工业化进程中的能源和电力消费趋势。分析结果表明：在工业化和现代化的进程中,电力消费的增长速度始终快于一次能源消费;后发工业化国家的能源和电力消费增速远快于先行工业化国家,各国电力消费比重都在不断攀升。因此,在21世纪中叶我国全面实现工业化、基本实现现代化之前,无论是能源电力消费的总量还是人均指标,我国的一次能源和电力消费都将伴随着工业化进程继续快速增长,而目前我国接近发达国家的电力消费比重还将继续上升。情景分析表明,2020年,我国人均能源消费将达3.18～4.95tce,能源消费总量将达44.2亿～68.8亿tce;人均用电量增至5240～8090kW·h,全社会用电量达到7.3万亿～11.2万亿kW·h,需要15.8亿～24.4亿kW发电装机容量,人均装机约1.137～1.755kW。     

用电检查面临的重点问题及反窃电措施

用电检查是供电营销管理工作的重要内容,而查窃电又是用电检查的重点和难点。基于多年用电检查工作经验,分析了当前供电业务中违章用电和窃电形势,论述了供电企业用电检查和反窃电工作的现状及面临的问题,结合供电企业工作实际,提出了查处窃电的相关对策。