广西地下水功能区划分初探

地下水是水资源的重要组成部分,是生态与环境的重要影响因素,划分地下水功能区,可为地下水合理开发、保护提供科学依据。根据《全国地下水功能区划定技术大纲》,结合广西实际情况,在广西共划分88个地下水二级功能区。     

Application of Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI) and delineation of natural risk zones in Greater Lisbon,Portugal

Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI) was applied to Greater Lisbon (Portugal). Based on the concepts used for the SoVI assessments in the US, 46 variables representing social vulnerability of the 149 civil parishes of Greater Lisbon were chosen. Thirty-eight variables were selected after application of correlation tests. They were standardized, and a Principal Component Analysis and a Varimax rotation were applied to them. Seven factors were extracted using the Kaiser criterion, which explain 79.5% of the variance, and the SoVI scores were then mapped using a standard deviation classification. Twelve of the 149 civil parishes of Greater Lisbon have a very high social vulnerability and 24 of them have a high social vulnerability. The map of SoVI was then integrated with susceptibility maps of earthquakes, floods, flash floods, landslides, tsunami, and coastal erosion, thus delineating risk zones. Twenty-two civil parishes of Greater Lisbon have a very high risk; among them, 17 belong to Lisbon Municipality, four belong to Loures Municipality, and one belongs to Vila Franca de Xira Municipality. Finally, exposed population was considered and combined with risk zones map in order to assess the number of people being potentially exposed to risk and their location.     

地下空间开发视角下的开发区土地集约利用——以皖江城市带为例

以地下空间开发为视角,用文献资料法、实证法研究了开发区土地集约利用的创新方式。从工程技术和技术经济的角度验证了开发区地下空间开发的可行性。认为开发区地下空间开发的主要障碍因素是产权归属不清、产权定价无据及缺乏规划编制;应从确权、定价、规划、融资、财税等方面着手加快促进开发区地下空间的开发。     

中国边境贸易发展进程的回顾和展望

分析改革开放30多年来中国边境贸易的统计数据,将边境贸易发展分为四个阶段——边贸口岸的恢复和快速发展阶段、边境贸易政策规范及贸易额下降阶段、边境贸易持续增长阶段和全球金融危机之后边境贸易的恢复及跨越式发展阶段,提出未来边境贸易发展的对策.     

伊犁河谷地区种植业产业布局调整与优化研究——以伊宁县为例

坚持"高产、优质、高效、生态、安全"的发展方向,加快种植业产业布局调整,对于增强伊犁河谷地区农业综合生产能力、确保粮食安全及农产品的有效供给有着重要意义。伊宁县是伊犁河谷地区具有代表性的农业大县,文章以伊宁县为例,在分析伊宁县种植业产业发展现状的基础上,结合伊宁县内外农业产业化的发展需求,提出"稳定小麦,提质玉米,增加果蔬"的调整思路。采取综合比较优势指数法从效率优势、规模优势及综合优势3方面对伊宁县种植业主要农作物类型与全国同类农作物进行优势比较分析,并结合GIS软件的空间分析功能,将伊宁县划分为农业种植三大功能区,围绕伊宁县农业优势支柱产业和特色农产品规模化生产,建成优质高效、高产出率和高商品率的六大特色农产品标准化生产基地,形成万亩连片示范片和万亩示范田,促进农业生产布局区域化、生产规模化、经营一体化,满足农业的发展需求。     

Climate zone crucial for efficiency of ski lift operators

This paper investigates the efficiency of ski lift companies across different climate zones in a group of countries based on establishment data. By a joint estimation of the stochastic frontier production and efficiency equations, the results indicate that ski areas in subarctic climate zones are far more efficient than their counterparts in warmer zones. The presence of a large local market and elevation of the ski area are factors not relevant for efficiency. Output of ski lift operators (companies) increases with the length of ski runs, number of ski lifts, share of slopes covered by snowmaking facilities and availability of fast lifts. Productivity is also significantly higher for ski lift companies owned by a large conglomerate.     

浙江省乡镇工业专业区发展中存在的问题及对策

该文分析了浙江省乡镇工业专业区的形成和存在的问题，提出了发展专业区的对策建议。     

Is it all about awareness? The normalization of coastal risk

Coastal risk is already high in several parts of the world and is expected to be amplified by climate change, which makes it necessary to outline effective risk management strategies. Risk managers assume that increasing awareness of coastal risk is the key to public support and endorsement of risk management strategies – an assumption that underlies a common worldview on the public understanding of science, which has been named the deficit model. We argue that the effects of awareness are not as straightforward. In particular, awareness of coastal hazards might not lead to more technically accurate risk perceptions. Based on research on risk perception normalization, we explored the hypothesis that coastal risk awareness reduces coastal risk perception – in particular the perceived likelihood of occurrence of coastal hazards – through its effect on reliance on protective measures to prevent risk. Individuals can rely on protective measures, even when those are not effective, as a positive illusion to reduce risk perception. This effect might be stronger for higher probability hazards and for permanent residents of costal zones. Data from 410 individuals living in coastal zones corroborated most of our expectations. Global results demonstrated a risk normalization effect mediated by reliance on current measures. Additional analyses made clear that this effect occurred in 2 of the 5 high-probability hazards (flood and storm), and not in the low-probability hazard (tsunami). Normalization might be more likely among high-probability hazards which entail catastrophic and immediate impacts. This effect was also found among permanent residents, but not among temporary residents. Results imply that coastal risk management might benefit from (a) taking risk perception normalization effects into account, (b) tailoring strategies for permanent and temporary residents and (c) promoting a higher public engagement, which would facilitate a more adaptive and effective coping with coastal risk than the use of positive illusions.     

Littering in protected areas: a conservation and management challenge – a case study from the Autonomous Region of Madrid,Spain

This paper examines issues surrounding littering in protected areas (PAs), one of the most ubiquitous and conspicuous impacts of tourism activity. In addition to obvious visual, landscape-affecting impacts, litter may have hazardous consequences for biodiversity and humans. In order to precisely assess littering in a densely populated region with high levels of visitation to natural and protected areas, we counted, measured and classified all types of non-organic litter covering an area of 1 cm² or more found on the ground in zones intensively used by visitors (picnic areas and paths) within the 10 PAs of the Autonomous Region of Madrid. On average, 11.65 m²/ha of litter were recorded in those zones. Strict visitor management measures greatly reduced that figure. Over 75% of all litter was paper and cardboard, and plastic; 88% of litter coverage was by large pieces over 25 cm² in size. We tested the hypothesis that the amount of waste found on paths is correlated with the distance to the entrance to a PA, but no general model fitted actual litter distribution patterns, although empirical results backed the hypothesis for most cases. A range of waste management strategies are explored and litter management measures suggested for problematic PAs.     

The Theory of Exchange Rate Target Zones

The theory of exchange rate target zones focuses on the role of exchange rate expectations in determining exchange rate behaviour and interest rate differentials in currency bands. This paper analyses earlier models of the target zone research programme as well as more recent developments including endogenous realignment expectations, price rigidities and alternative monetary feedback rules by means of a unified approach. Target zones may be the cause of stabilizing or destabilizing exchange rate expectations, the determinants of which crucially depend on the within-band central bank policy as well as the credibility of the central banks' commitment to defend the target zone. The paper closes with a discussion of the relative merits of implementing a target zone and some suggestions for further research.