新疆那拉提镇旅游生态足迹分析

近年来,那拉提镇旅游业发展迅速,已经成为当地社会经济的主要来源,并且规模巨大的旅游活动也吸引着各地旅游者的关注,但同时也会对旅游目的地的自然资源和生态环境造成压力和负面影响。文章运用生态足迹的理论与方法,测算出2012年那拉提镇旅游生态足迹为64 118.11 hm2,是旅游生态承载力的13.56倍,旅游生态赤字为59 390.79 hm2,说明旅游活动正在过度消耗那拉提镇资源环境,当地旅游业发展处于不平衡状态。     

Some Potential Linkages for Input-Output Analysis with Flow-of-Funds

Three major, interrelated accounting statements, at the frontiers of quantitative economic analysis, are three interrelated systems, namely: (1) National income and product accounts (NIPA), (2) The input-output tableaux, (IO), and (3) flow-of- funds accounts (FF). The third-mentioned system is somewhat less available and used in only limited areas of macroeconomic analysis. This paper is mainly concerned with use of FF accounting systems. This system shows where financial resources originate, and where they go in support of real capital formation. In this respect, interest rates and other market-based financial rates are of key importance. While much macroeconomic analysis is based on the rates that fit the yield curve, showing the interest rate structure over various maturities of debt associated with a given degree of risk. In contrast, the FF accounts throw light on the whole spectrum of interest rates, across maturities and debt qualities. For example, in analysis of the real estate market and funding of capital formation there, it is important to have a full understanding of the course of mortgage rates of different maturities and qualities. In short, it is necessary to develop a full appreciation of supply and demand forces in the mortgage market, which often is not obviously related to movements of the operative rate for monetary policy, such as very short-term inter bank rates or call money rates. This paper attempts to provide material from the flow-of-funds accounts that would make it possible to analyze the movement of relevant mortgage rates or whatever other rates are needed to understand the financing of capital formation in real estate.     

Covid-19, Economic Growth and South African Fiscal Policy

Following years of fast-rising debt levels, we show that the Covid-19 crisis worsened an already deteriorating fiscal position in South Africa. To restore fiscal sustainability in the aftermath of the crisis some commentators argue that higher government expenditure will grow GDP sufficiently to stabilise the debt/GDP ratio. We reject this, showing that although a real increase in expenditure stimulates economic growth (a short-run, once-off effect), the public expenditure/GDP ratio exceeds the level at which an increase in the ratio positively impacts growth. We then explore the past efforts of government to maintain or restore fiscal sustainability by estimating a fiscal reaction function using a Markov-switching model. Following the impact of the Covid-19 crisis on the budget, we subsequently establish the deficit, expenditure and revenue adjustments that the government will have to make to restore fiscal sustainability. Finally, we consider the merits of introducing a debt ceiling.     

日本应对新冠疫情的经济刺激政策及其制度性扭曲

面对新冠疫情的严重冲击,日本政府通过空前财政支持,日本银行辅以超额基础货币支持等公开市场操作,一定程度上抑制了企业大规模破产、大量工人失业和严重经济衰退,同时也直接带来了日本股市的空前繁荣。但过度财政刺激极大加重了日本政府的国债负担,长期"超量化宽松"的金融政策严重扭曲了市场的资源配置功能,极大削弱了日本市场经济体制的政策应对弹性和抗打压能力,事实上形成了一种变相向国民征税的市场外循环体系和制度性扭曲。     

国际经济背景下美元贬值的原因、影响及对策分析

美元贬值主要是由美元与主要经济体货币调整不同步以及方向选择差异而形成。对于不同经济体而言,美元贬值存在着非常分明的正负效应,由此导致了各国政府态度认识上的不同。同时,总体上美元的渐次贬值有利于全球经济走向均衡,但速率过猛的美元贬值却会破坏国际经济的均衡。因此,未来美元的下跌空间会受到限制,“美元危机”只是一个伪命题。     

会计信息失真与会计诚信建设

文章分析了会计信息失真产生的根源,提出应从建立和加强会计诚信的教育机制、法律机制、激励制约机制、评价机制、内控机制等方面解决会计信息失真问题.     

公司验资不实的民事法律责任

公司设立实务中,验资不实的情形较为普遍,新公司法对公司验资不实的民事责任做出了规定,对于调整和规范公司验资不实的民事纠纷无疑有着积极作用。但是新公司法仍然较为粗疏,对于实务中诸多有争议的问题,新公司法仍然未给出明确答案,未来仍需进一步完善新公司法。     

Experimental evidence on the resilience of a cap & trade system for land consumption in Germany

The German government has committed to substantially limiting future land consumption. Among the most prominently discussed policy instruments is the implementation of a cap & trade system for land consumption, in which a limited amount of certificates is allocated to and traded by municipalities. Since these certificates would be a prerequisite for conducting building projects, this system is expected to reduce urban sprawl and foster the efficient allocation of land consumption projects. While previous empirical studies have supported these projections, the potential fragility of a cap & trade system in the case of macroeconomic shocks has not been considered. In three laboratory experiments, we simulate the impact of economic and budgetary crises within a cap & trade scheme for land consumption. We find that a market-based system succeeds in compensating macroeconomic disturbances with only minor welfare losses. Certificate prices in auctions and trading are somewhat more volatile before shocks, yet normalize afterwards. Trading volumes and the specifics of project realizations remain largely unaffected. Unrelated to the macroeconomic shocks, auction and market prices persistently diverge, leading to income redistributions to the state. Overall, our evidence supports the introduction of a market-based certificate scheme to reduce land consumption in Germany due to its resilience against potential shocks.     

基于生态足迹模型的沿海城市可持续发展分析——以大连市为例

根据《大连统计年鉴》等相关资料,利用生态足迹模型,对大连市2004—2008年生态足迹进行计算和分析;并计算出大连市这五年的万元GDP生态足迹和社会发展能力指数。利用这些指标分析大连的可持续发展情况,并提出相应的对策。结果表明：大连这五年的平均生态赤字为4.3184hm2,说明大连的区域生态系统正面临过度开发的压力;生态足迹多样性指数五年均低于中国平均水平,意味着大连生态经济系统生态空间分布很不均匀;社会发展能力指数高于中国平均水平和万元GDP生态足迹大体处于减少状态,说明大连在经济社会发展的同时,资源利用率也在不断地提高。     

日本政府债务问题分析

日本政府债务占GDP的比例已连续多年居发达国家之首,且这一比例仍在不断增长之中。通过分析日本的债务困境,对我们有几点启示：一是积极的财政政策要适度;二是通缩环境中要有意识的控制政府债务规模;三是经济危机过后要警惕债务危机。