日本国债：安全资产还是风险潜在

金融危机后全球安全资产减少,使日本国债地位相对改善,成为世界金融市场的避险工具之一.但由于日本长期政府债务净额占GDP之比居高不下,国债信用已经受到损毁,主权信用评级被下调.从日本国内资金循环特征看,日本企业转变为储蓄大户的原因不是企业的盈利增加,而是由于资产负债表的调整压力使投资意愿降低,因此,日本政府只有不断增发国债来弥补筹资主体的缺位;日本国债期限结构的短期化和日益增长的利息负担使其面临的市场利率风险加大;同时,日本中央银行购买国债规模膨胀,不断冲击财政纪律的约束,财政赤字货币化风险隐藏其中.长期来看,日本泡沫经济崩溃后,资产去泡沫化的过程也正是国债泡沫化的过程.在日本财政改革前景未见定论,企业的投资需求尚未恢复的前提下,日本国债的可持续性存在巨大风险.     

Sustainable Tourism: Ethical Alternative or Marketing Ploy?

While tourism is often seen as a welcome source of economic development, conventional mass tourism is associated with numerous negative effects, such as the destruction of ecological systems and loss of cultural heritage. In response to these concerns, a term that has surfaced recently is, sustainable tourism. This article attempts to define sustainable tourism and asks the question of whether this new term is an acceptable criteria or is merely a marketing ploy to attract the morally conscious tourist. Paul Lansing is a professor of Business Administration at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He received a J.D. Degree and a Graduate Degree in International Business. Paul De Vries received an M.Sc BA, in Strategic Management from the Rotterdam School of Management, RSM Erasmus University.     

美国社会保障制度改革建议与反思

改革社会保障制度并恢复其财务平衡是21世纪美国最重要的公共政策问题之一。为此,美国的政策制定者和学者展开了一场关于社会保障制度改革的激烈争论,并提出了广泛的改革建议。本文在介绍了美国社会保障制度的长期赤字规模之后,分析了造成制度长期赤字的根源,然后重点梳理了2000年以来主要的改革建议,最后通过反思美国社会保障改革的争论得出了几点启示,希冀有助于中国养老社会保险制度的完善和发展。     

我国农产品贸易逆差影响因素的实证分析——基于进口视角

美国次贷危机波及下世界经济发展趋缓、中国农产品缺乏竞争力等因素对我国农产品贸易平衡造成影响。本文采用月度数据,从进口角度,通过协整检验、格兰杰因果关系检验分析了各因素的影响程度。结果表明,我国劳动力成本上升、国外需求下降是导致我国农产品贸易逆差上升的主要原因,出口减速、国内需求上升、人民币升值、对第一产业固定资产投资增加、出口退税政策等因素次之。解决这一问题要转变经济增长方式,增加农业基础设施投入,优化进出口结构,扩大内需,适度调整人民币币值,合理调高出口退税率。     

企业形象的公关策划

本文论述了应收账款假账的 8种形态及甄别思路 ,阐述了防范的主要环节、方法、及措施     

债台高筑的美国经济

美国的财政赤字正以几何级数的速度在增长,但美国人自己并不为此而担心,他们甚至认为负债本身就是一种创造财富的过程。美国的决策者和经济学家们对于真正通过经济中的储蓄和投资所创造的财富和市场上依赖信贷政策鼓吹起来的资产泡沫所创造的"财富",是从来不加以区别的。居高不下的负债和不断增长的赤字消费,使美国成为一个债台高筑的国家。美国的赤字消费是影响全球经济的一个重大问题,对中国经济的影响也十分显著,从长远利益出发,我国的汇率、贸易及产业政策都应进行相应的调整,以确保中国经济长期稳定发展、企业竞争实力不断增强和人民生活水平不断提高。     

Current account adjustment in industrial countries

This paper examines the dynamics of current account adjustment among industrial countries. The purpose is to evaluate whether there is a threshold level of a current account deficit at which it becomes unsustainable and whether it is possible to characterize episodes of adjustment. We identify 25 episodes in which there was a sustained improvement in the current account following a large deficit between 1980 and 1997. We find that a typical current account reversal begins when the current account deficit is about 5% of GDP. However, we also find considerable cross-country variation in the reversal threshold, consistent with a stock-adjustment model of current account sustainability. Reversals are associated with slowing income growth and a 10–20% real exchange rate depreciation. Real export growth, declining investment, and an eventual leveling off in the budget deficit–GDP ratio are also likely to be part of the adjustment. These results imply that current account reversals in industrialized countries are related to the business cycle.     

Some results on the compound Markov binomial model

Abstract

Some years ago, in the course of an analysis of upper and lower limits for incomplete moments of statistical distributions I established an elementary summation formula¹ which proved rather useful for the purpose I had in view. Subsequently the formula was generalized by professor Steffensen, who showed² that the formula in question could be looked upon as giving the first term of an expansion in a certain type of series. Professor Steffensen established recurrence formulae for the coefficients of the series and computed the second, third and fourth term and the corresponding remainders¹, but did not arrive at a general, explicite expression for the coefficient of the n-th term and the corresponding remainder. A year later I found these expressions accidentally while I was working on some other problem. I also discovered the real nature of the procedure in question which proved to be a certain kind of least square fitted polynomial approximation. I did not, however, at the time publish the result. Taking the question up again later I found that the whole problem could be considerably generalized. The type of generalization in question is analogous to the generalization from polynomials to arbitrary functions.     

积极财政政策的可持续性分析

本文分别从当前宏观经济形势、我国政府债务风险和公共部门投资的挤出效应三个方面考察了我国积极财政政策的可持续性。认为我国当前的经济形势下 ,积极财政政策的淡出还为时尚早 ;我国单纯的国债风险并不高 ,但是我国政府的综合债务风险却相当大 ,控制我国综合债务风险的关键是控制存量 ;我国公共部门对民间投资的挤出效应不明显 ,当前民间投资不活跃的主要原因是另一种“挤出效应” ,即对民间投资的歧视和限制 ,要改变这种情况的主要方法是改革