激励过程中的正式契约与关系契约:一个综述

本文研究解决激励问题的两种契约方法。正式契约基于多任务委托代理模型,探讨如何解决代理人重视考核绩效与委托人关注产出价值之间的矛盾,而关系契约基于重复博弈模型,探讨客观测度与主观判断以及短期收益与长期收益之间的矛盾。正式契约与关系契约的结合可以降低代理人所面对的激励扭曲,能够控制委托人违背承诺的诱因。在解决激励问题中应对正式契约和关系契约的合理运用进行综合权衡。     

Manipulation of dimensionality in landscape preference judgments: A quantitative validation∗

A Paired Comparison Methodology was used to scale preferences for landscapes depicted in 35mm color slides. Several S groups, varying in their familiarity with forestry, evaluated a series of photographically controlled forest scenes with various levels of insect damage. Some Ss were told a priori that insect damage was present (experimental), others were not (control). The objective was to see if experimental Ss would cue on a single “damage dimension” in their preference judgments, thus providing reliable interval measures of their preferences and estimates of esthetic impacts resulting from insect damage. Results of statistical tests indicate that dimensionality can be manipulated and that esthetic impacts can be measured as a result of changes in a specific landscape dimension.     

Ritual legitimation, de-coupling and the budgetary process: managing organizational hypocrisies in a multinational company

The study of participation in the budgetary cycle has formed a prominent part of the research literature concerned with the budgetary process. More recently there has emerged a body of literature concerned with exploring the political and symbolic nature of the budgetary process. The paper reports upon the outcomes of an empirical study of the introduction of `budgetary participation' in a division of a European subsidiary of a large North American car manufacturer. We detail the long process of consultation and negotiation within the subsidiary, and between it and the European Headquarters. The study provides a revealing instance of the roles of formal budget participation as a ritual of control and legitimation without the substantive involvement of middle managers and suggested to us the introduction of de-coupling and organizational hypocrisy alongside the introduction of budget participation. The study pays close attention to the contingent effects of the wider political context of the division and the relationships between the division, its organizational context and organizational environment, and how this context played upon the budgetary process in the division. The outcomes that we analyse at `Delta' reflect the de-coupling strategies and organizational hypocrisies commonly found in public sector organizations. In this wider setting the corporation persists with the ritual of `tight' budget negotiation and target setting and apparent underachievement in performance. Yet we conclude that the complex technological and political context to the formation and siting of Delta continued and may continue to support its existence.$g0     

The Space Between: Towards a Typology of Interfirm Relations

ABSTRACT

Understanding and managing the relationships between firms is the central issue in business to business marketing. Some of the results of a program of research undertaken in Australia to study interfirm relations are used to develop an empirically based typology of interfirm relations focusing on the mix of cooperative and competitive elements coexisting in a relationship. Measures are developed of relationship cooperativeness and competitiveness and relations are classified into one of four types based on whether they score high or low on each dimension. A dynamic process model of interfirm relationships is developed as a basis for identifying the main factors driving relationship development. Measures of these factors form the basis for regression analysis to identify the characteristics of each of the four types of relations and examples of particular relationships are used to illustrate the characteristics identified.     

论我国不动产登记机构的审查义务

分析不动产登记审查时,采用＂形式审查与实质审查＂分析模式的前提是对＂形式与实质＂两种审查标准的具体内涵予以准确界定,同时也应注意＂形式与实质＂这一分析模式本身的局限性。立足我国物权法的制度体系,结合相应的现行法规分析,我国不动产登记审查应坚持实质审查标准,不动产登记机构应承担实质审查义务,但对反映登记权利客体物理状况的材料、嘱托机关的嘱托行为、公证机关等中介机构出具的生效文书则仅负形式审查义务。     

裸露符号在广告中展现女性美的现代解读

本文通过在广告艺术中对女性美的形象最终意义的塑造和对女性主义的现代解读,以及裸露符号如何表现女性美的解读,揭示裸露符号如何展现女性美,如何在现代广告艺术中的解读对商品的影响,对当今社会价值的认同。     

Institutional systems and catch-up in China

This study examines the effects of institutional systems on the ability of firms to innovate and thereby contribute to the catch-up process in China. The most commonly used model of the effects of institutional systems on economic developed is summarised and employed to reveal that it does not sufficiently focus on the role of the interaction between firms and institutional systems and subsequent implications for the innovations necessary for emerging economies to catch up. A model centred on firms is constructed to enable an analysis of how institutional factors may affect important drivers of catch-up such as access to resource pools, support to help to use resources to develop competencies capable of sustaining innovation and the ability to engage in institutional entrepreneurship to help the evolution of effective institutional systems. The model highlights that innovation compatible with catch-up requires a large number of firms to be able to access appropriate resources. This requires institutional systems that permit and encourage the evolution of complex and extensive network links that can entrench many indigenous firms into foreign direct investment and trade flows and the means to access, at low cost and risk, from suitably developed national resources pools. Most importantly, institutional systems need to enable and support many indigenous and foreign firms (that have good potential to use resources effectively to create the competencies necessary to innovate) and thereby empower such firms so they can deliver innovation compatible with catch-up. Potential institutional impediments to these requirements are explored, especially problems arising from insiders and outsiders that emerge from the nature of informal institutional systems. The study concludes with some suggested research questions that may help to increase understanding of the effects of institutional systems on the ability of firms to innovate to contribute to the catch-up process.     

我国农村金融结构与制度的二元分离与融合:经济发展视角的一个解释

我国现阶段农村金融市场正式与非正式金融的二元分割与共存，从浅层次上来看，是我国实行金融进入管制与利率管制等金融抑制政策的结果；深层次来看，是我国农村现阶段的经济发展水平及农村金融需求主体的多样性程度所决定的。我国农村经济发展的地区差异化、多层次化、内部与外部不平衡性就决定了我国农村金融制度的多样性与层次性。政府作为金融外在制度的设计者与供给者，其制度安排应是金融结构与农村经济发展状态的协调，是金融制度与农村社会内在制度发展的协调。     

企业管理中非正式制度的有效利用

企业规章制度多少并不能表示企业管理水平的高低。规章制度的有效发挥才能使企业具有良好的发展前景。制度是否有效不仅仅在于正式制度本身是否规范、合理,而且在制度的制定和执行过程中,非正式制度的作用同样不可忽视。     

孔子恶"郑声"的原因

《郑风》是郑地青年对爱情的自由歌唱,表现出天然清丽的审美风范,但《郑风》违背了“父母之命,媒妁之言”的礼教规定,不符合“过犹不及”的审美规范,这是孔子恶“郑声”的原因之一。“二南”诗多婚姻、祝颂之歌,既表现男女情爱,又能符合周礼的规范,正是孔子中和之美的体现,也当是孔子赞“二南”的原因之所在。