The interplay of formal and informal institutions between local and regional authorities when creating well-functioning public transport systems

This paper analyzes how public transport planning is managed in institutional contexts where governance is spread across local and regional scales. The paper sheds light on two facets of the relationship between local and regional government: first, the decision-making process regarding where to provide public transport services and at what level, and second, integration of public transport with land use planning. An analytical matrix is used to cross-reference the roles of formal institutions (governance established in law) and informal institutions (governance not established in law) against local and regional responsibilities for public transport and land use. Analysis of the interplay between these three axes (formal/informal, local/regional, public transport/land use) reveals how informal institutions help regional and local authorities to negotiate the constraints of formal, statutory institutions and help to “oil the wheels” of delivering measures and policies that make public transport work as a well-functioning system. However, informal institutions clearly have their limits, in the paper exemplified by the remaining challenges to integrate regional public transport and local land use planning. An identified challenge is that, by their very nature, informal institutions are difficult to influence or modify, therefore relying on them to fill gaps in formal institutional responsibilities may be a risky strategy when unpopular decisions are made.     

惩罚与社会合作——基于实验经济学的讨论

如何有效解决社会合作困境的搭便车难题？现实提供了两种治理思路:政府治理视角的正式惩罚制度和自愿合作视角的非正式惩罚制度.本文通过讨论实验经济学研究正式惩罚或非正式惩罚制度在不同情形下的社会合作效果,发现正式惩罚制度最具治理优势,而各种不同的非正式惩罚制度往往具有自我维系功能,可以有效促进合作.本文也探讨了可进一步扩展研究的实验议题.     

The Impact of Relation-Specific Investments on Channel Performance: Focusing on Mediators

This study investigates the mediating mechanisms through which relation-specific investments (RSIs) can contribute to channel performance in China. We distinguish between property-based RSIs and knowledge-based RSIs and propose that these two types of RSIs rely on different governance mechanisms to impact channel performance. Specifically, although property-based RSIs prompt the drafting and utilization of formal contracts, they promote channel performance through relationship communication. In contrast, knowledge-based RSIs enhance relational trust and relationship communication, which can increase the profitability of the channel relationship. However, both types of RSIs can enhance channel performance directly. Our study shows that relationship communication plays an important role in strengthening the effects of governance mechanisms for both types of RSIs in China. In addition, relational governance mechanisms have greater effects than formal contracts on channel performance. These results enrich our understanding of RSIs in the emerging market.     

城乡正规金融资本错配与城乡一体化

城乡正规金融资本错配严重制约城乡发展一体化.城乡正规金融资本错配的主要表现为农村正规金融机构信贷资金供给错配、农户从正规金融机构获取贷款较难以及农村金融总体发展水平与城市相比存在较大差异.政府干预、金融机构追求利润最大化以及农户政治经济弱势是导致城乡正规金融资本错配主要原因.而坚持促进农村经济发展的政策导向,加强外部金融监管,加强正规金融机构开展农村业务的引导,大力完善农村金融环境,加强农民组织化建设,完善三权抵押融资等将有助于缓解城乡正规金融资本错配,助推城乡发展一体化.     

认知图式理论与商务英语词汇习得

本文从认知图式理论的角度出发,探讨如何利用这一理论促进商务英语词汇习得。并结合商务英语词汇特点,运用图式理论探讨一些具体的词汇习得策略。     

经济学方法论中的形式理性与辩证理性

西方经济学方法论研究中存在形式理性与辩证理性的分裂,这种裂痕分别反映在马克思主义政治经济学与西方经济学方法论的研究传统的认识论层面和实践论层面上。马克思主义辩证哲学理论必将在修复这一裂痕中发挥更大的作用。     

The Effects of the Image Differentiated Positioning Strategy on Airlines Consumer Behavior: An Application of the Schema Theory

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to establish and test a model of the image differentiation positioning strategy in the airline industry. This study is based on the schema, which is defined as “a stored framework of cognitive knowledge that represents information about a topic, a concept, or a particular stimulus, including its attributes and the relations among the attributes” (Aggarwal &; McGill, 2007 Aggarwal, P. and McGill, A. L. 2007. Is that car smiling at me? Schema congruity as a basis for evaluating anthropomorphized products. Journal of Consumer Research, 34: 468–479. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], p. 470). The objectives of the study are: (a) to compare the differences between two models (schema plus tag model and subtyping model) of the schematic process; (b) to identify the relationship between the image differentiated positioning strategy and the schematic process; and (c) to assess how the schematic process influences future consumer behavior (attitude and purchasing behavior). Results showed that the airline's image differentiated positioning strategy had a positive effect on future consumer behavior through the schema.     

环渤海区域经济发展的新制度经济学分析

环渤海经济区目前仍面临一体化程度较低等问题,这些问题是由于特定经济制度变迁模式和特殊经济结构造成的,因此本区域提高一体化水平的关键是加快制度创新,制度创新要从硬制度和软制度两个方面入手。要实现这个目标首先要激发创新主体的活力;其次要创造有利于民营经济发展的软制度;最后要完善硬制度使其有利于区域协调。     

Perceived organizational change in the hotel industry: An implication of change schema

A schema, first proposed by Fiske and Taylor (1984), is a cognitive structure that represents organized knowledge on a given concept or type of stimulus. Lau and Woodman (1995) further explained that when an organization experiences changes, its members have various interpretations of and expectations for those changes. The cognitive understanding of change is guided by a mental map that represents the knowledge structures of the attributes of change and relationships between different events of change. This mental map refers to the so-called change schema (Lau and Woodman, 1995). The objectives of this study are to apply this change schema to organizational change in hotels, and to examine the antecedents and consequences of organizational change.