江苏省农村金融发展与农民收入结构分析

基于江苏1988-2010年的数据,本文实证分析了江苏省农村金融发展与农民收入结构的关系:从长期来看,江苏农村金融发展规模、效率对农民家庭各项收入的增加都起到了正作用,农村金融发展效率对农民家庭经营性收入的贡献比较突出,而农村金融发展结构对农民家庭各项收入的增加起着较大的负作用;农民工资性收入、转移性及财产性收入的增长在短期内有利于农村金融发展结构的改善,但长期却相反。     

Multinationals vs. Cooperatives: The Income and Efficiency Effects of Supply Chain Governance in India

The impact of multinational firms on the domestic agricultural sector in developing countries is controversial, in particular in India. Relying on a unique set of household‐level data from the state of Punjab, we study the biggest dairy company in the world (Nestlé) in India and compare its vertical spillover effects on upstream suppliers to other market channels (informal sector and cooperatives). We find that farmers that supply informal channels are less efficient and earn lower profits per dairy animal than farmers supplying the cooperative and the multinational sector. Furthermore, we find that farmers using the multinational channel are more efficient than farmers in the cooperative channel, but equally profitable. Hence, we do not find that supplying the cooperative channel is more beneficial for local dairy farmers than supplying the multinational channel. Overall, however, dairy productivity and profitability levels are still dramatically low, with substantial scope for dairy development.     

Theoretical foundations of sustainable economic welfare indicators — ISEW and political economy of the disembedded system

The conceptual foundations of the Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW) are surveyed and critiqued. It is argued that the three underlying theories of community, psychic income, and social welfare economics supply certain theoretical foundations for the ISEW. The focal point of the theories is to evaluate the positives and negatives of economic growth, with the hope of achieving a practical measure of sustainable economic welfare. However, they are not as well developed as they should be: the three theories have partial, underdeveloped explanations of the benefits (services) and costs (disservices) generated in the system. The theoretical particulars of ISEW abstract from the workings of the capitalist system, because the ISEW advocates have not specified a society in the socioeconomic system which we currently have. Specifically, there is no underlying linked systems view of the disembedded economy — where the exchange economy tends to dominate other aspects of culture. Without a systematic understanding of the political economy of capitalism, the ISEW is potentially flawed in design. Therefore, there is a need to search for a critical approach to sustainable economic welfare. As a point of departure, it is better to have a political economy theory. The political economy of the disembedded system provides an alternative theoretical approach to ISEW.     

区别对待收入分配领域的正常差距和分配不公

当前收入分配领域存在的主要问题是收入分配不公.收入分配中的正常差距在社会主义市场经济体制下是发展的动力,必须予以承认.对于违反了社会公平原则、损害了经济和社会和谐发展的非正常收入差距,需要政府在广泛听取人民群众呼声的前提下及时制定和修改相关的法律法规,从制度上保证分配正义和公民利益.     

行为审计收益与成本属性的研究

成本理论是经济学的基本理论之一,该理论认为,在资源稀缺的条件下,经济活动追求的是利润最大化,这就要求收益最大,成本最低。通过审计绩效最优化对审计成本收益的配比进行分析,认为要树立正确的行为审计收益成本观,必须平衡追求业绩和成本的关系。正确的行为审计收益成本观就是在实施行为审计合规性与有效性的基础之上,以最小的行为审计成本追求最大的行为审计收益。通过审计收益成本模型建立的研究,将行为审计收益融入成本管理,确保行为审计绩效的最大化。     

城镇各阶层收入分配公平性的影响因素——基于PLS的分析

基于1978-2006年的时间序列数据,运用偏最小二秉回归(PLS)方法,对影响我国城镇各阶层收入分配公平性的因素进行了实证分析.鲒果发现,无论是从城镇低收入阶层的角度分析,还是从城镇高收入阶层的角度分析,有利于收入分配公平性的因素是一样的,即主要有经济增长率、第一产业就业比重、教育支出水平、政策性补贴水平等8种因素;而不利于收入分配公平性的因素主要有市场化进程、城市化水平、工业化程度、经济发展水平等13种因素.其中,金融规模和城市化水平对收入分配公平性的影响最为显著,经济增长率的影响最弱.     

用风险价值度量固定收入债券的市场风险

笔者主要研究了固定收益证券的市场风险量化方法。在对债券合理定价的基础上,引入新型的风险监管方法—VAR(风险价值),对债券的市场风险进行定量分析。文中用三种方法(参数法、历史模拟法、蒙特卡罗法)计算了债券的VAR。     

Should public policy respond to positional externalities?

A nice suit is one that compares favorably with those worn by others in the same local environment. More generally, a positional good is one whose utility depends strongly on how it compares with others in the same category.¹A positional externality occurs when new purchases alter the relevant context within which an existing positional good is evaluated.² For example, if some job candidates begin wearing expensive custom-tailored suits, a side effect of their action is that other candidates become less likely to make favorable impressions on interviewers. From any individual job seeker's point of view, the best response might be to match the higher expenditures of others, lest her chances of landing the job fall. But this outcome may be inefficient, since when all spend more, each candidate's probability of success remains unchanged. All may agree that some form of collective restraint on expenditure would be useful.In such cases, however, it is often impractical to negotiate private solutions. Do positional externalities then become legitimate objects of public policy concern? In attempting to answer this question, I employ the classical libertarian criterion put forth by John Stuart Mill³, who wrote the state may not legitimately constrain any citizen's freedom of action except to prevent harm to others. I argue that many positional externalities appear to meet Mill's test, causing not just negative feelings but also large and tangible economic costs to others who are ill-equipped to avoid them. I also discuss an unintrusive policy remedy for positional externalities, one modeled after the use of effluent charges to curb environmental pollution.The paper is organized as follows. Section 1 notes the deep similarity between the conditions that give rise to positional arms races and those that give rise to conventional military arms races. Section 2 follows with a review of evidence concerning the strength of concerns about relative position. Section 3 describes some of the tangible economic costs that people experience as a result of positional externalities arising from such concerns. Section 4 takes up the question of whether collective action directed against positional externalities is consistent with respect for individual rights. Section 5 describes how a progressive consumption tax could neutralize many of the most costly effects of positional externalities.     

Taxes and labor supply: Portugal, Europe, and the United States

I relate hours worked with taxes on consumption and labor for Portugal, France, Spain, United Kingdom and United States. From 1986 to 2001, hours per worker in Portugal decreased from 35.1 to 32.6. With the parameters for Portugal, the model predicts hours worked in 2001 with an error of only 12 min from the actual hours. Across countries, most predictions differ from the data by 1 h or less. The model is not sensible to special assumptions on the parameters. I calculate the long run effects of taxes on consumption, hours, capital and welfare for Portugal. I extend the model to discuss implications for Social Security. I discuss the steady state and the transition from a pay-as-you-go to a fully funded system.

促进中国地区间居民收入差距缩小的因素探析

改革开放以来,中国地区间居民收入差距呈现出长期扩大的趋势。但我们没有理由认为这种趋势不会发生变化,尽管存在着多种导致地区间居民收入差距扩大的因素,但也要看到存在着多种抑制地区间居民收入差距扩大的因素。进入21世纪之后,国家区域发展战略和政策的调整,工业化、城市化的发展,收入分配制度的改革和完善,社会保障制度的改革和完善,教育的发展,户籍管理制度的改革和统一劳动力市场的发展等一系列因素都将促进地区间居民收入差距的缩小。虽然地区间居民收入差距的缩小的过程漫长,但我们相信最终会出现。