The Productivity of US States since 1880

This study uses state-level variation in labor productivity levels at twenty-year intervals between 1880 and 1980 to examine the relative importance of institutional and geographical influences in explaining observed and persistent differences in standards of living over time and across regions. Focusing on fundamental rather than proximate influences, we find that both institutional characteristics and some physical geography characteristics account for a high proportion of the differences in state productivity levels: states with navigable waterways, a large minerals endowment, and no slaves in 1860, on average, had higher labor productivity levels throughout the sample period. However, we find little support for two other influences that have previously received attention—climate and latitude.     

创新型建筑企业人力资源管理研究

创新需要人力资源的支持。建筑企业四种基本创新活动对人力资源的要求不一样,建筑企业应评析其经济性,选择适宜的创新活动,满足各种创新活动对人力资源的特殊要求,创新人力资源的管理理念、管理体系、培训体系、激励约束机制,提供有利的条件,使创新顺利进行。     

中国节能减排工作面临的问题和解决的方法

国家“十一五”规划纲要明确提出中国单位GDP能耗在五年内降低20％；主要污染物排放总量减少10％的战略目标。目前，中国节能减排的任务还相当艰巨，应增加节能减排的资金投入，提高节能减排的激励和处罚标准。完善税收制度，遏制高耗能、高排放产业的项目发展。     

国内外水资源承载力的研究综述

随着能源危机的出现,资源环境问题逐渐成为各国经济学家和环境学家特别关注的问题.近年来,水资源短缺越来越成为各地经济发展的制约因素,面对这种情况,资源承载力概念的提出为资源与经济发展问题提供了一条新的研究途径.本文将国内外有关水资源承载力概念和量化方法的研究作一总体分析,结果表明:(1)国外对水资源承载力的研究较少,国内的研究大体可分为初始、发展、鼎盛和拓展四个阶段;(2)从横向比较来看,水资源承载力的研究在我国以近十年为盛.但研究多集中在资源学科领域和地理环境学科领域,角度大多是综合考虑多方面的影响因素,对一个地区的水资源承载力作出系统评价,并借助可持续发展的思想,应用已有的和创新的方法来解决水资源承载力的问题;(3)水资源承载力的研究在一定程度上是土地资源承载力研究的进步;(4)水资源承载力的研究较少考虑环境污染对水资源承载力以及整个社会系统的影响.在此基础上,本文最后对承载力在自然资源方面的研究作了小结和展望.     

试析森林生态环境价值计量研究中的几种干扰因素

本文就目前影响在林生态环境价值计量研究的几个干扰因素进行剖析。其中主要包括森林生态环境难以进入市场的原因；在林生态环境资源并不是都重要计量；森林生态环境的价值既是哲学的价值也是经济学上的价值；森林的生态环境转移与它的价值转移没有实现统一；森林生态环境价值计量使用的概念需要明确和统一；在林生态环境资源的监测和统计；影子价格理论在森林生态环境价值计量中应用的合理性；森林生态环境资源生产的投入产出进行过程等问题。这些问题如果得到及时解决，将有助于在林生态环境计量的进一步研究。     

Sharing a River

A group of agents located along a river have quasi-linear preferences over water and money. We ask how the water should be allocated and what money transfers should be performed. The core lower bounds require that no coalition should get less than the welfare it could achieve by using the water it controls. The aspiration upper bounds demand that no coalition enjoy a welfare higher than what it could achieve in the absence of the remaining agents. Exactly one welfare distribution satisfies the core lower bounds and the aspiration upper bounds: it is the marginal contribution vector corresponding to the ordering of the agents along the river. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: D62, C71.     

宁夏民族文化旅游资源开发战略研究

民族文化旅游日益成为现代旅游的重要内容，受到各国各地区的普遍重视。宁夏是我国唯一的省级回族自治区，回族伊斯兰文化旅游资源具有很强的民族特色和地域特色，独特丰富的民族文化旅游资源为宁夏开展民族文化旅游奠定了坚实的基础。根据旅游资源分布现状、集中程度、主导资源特色将宁夏伊斯兰文化旅游资源划分为四个大区，应用层次分析法对宁夏伊斯兰文化旅游资源进行了分区定量评价，为合理开发民族文化旅游资源提供了理论依据。构建了四大回族伊斯兰文化旅游区近期和中远期开发目标及战略规划。     

区域科技计划中的中央与地方科技资源整合

分析了我国中央属科技资源在区域创新系统中所具有的优势地位,以及影响中央与地方科技资源整合效率的主要原因,探讨了以区域科技计划整合中央与地方科技资源的可行性,并从制定程序和加强项目管理两个方面,提出了利用区域科技计划整合中央与地方科技资源的具体措施。     

Analysis of Visitor Decision Making System When Visiting Natural Recreation Sites by Multinomial Logit Model

Multinomial Logit Model has analyzed the relationship between the frequency of visits to recreation areas and the motivational factors affecting the visits. Kastro Environment Preserving Site that is located in the Black Sea coast of Marmara region in Turkey, has been chosen as the site for this study. Kastro bay is a natural park that is visited only for recreational visits. The study has been conducted on a photogenic study group due to the proximity factor of Kastro bay close to Istanbul. Kastro bay is a popular recreational park due to its characteristic advantages such as a 200 m wide and approximately 2.5 km long beach and with its high quality vegetation. The vegetation type includes ash tree, oak tree, black pine, sand lily etc. Kastro bay is also the site for the Mediterranean seals (Monachus-monachus) which are at the level of extinction. Approximately 50,000 visitors visit the region during the months of July and August. It has been concluded that there is high direct correlation between the frequency of visits and the motivational factors. It has been determined that the visits are mostly based on the sea and the ecological tourism.Jel: O13, Q20, Q26, Q51, Q56, Q57     

Employee Rights, Employee Responsibilities and Knowledge Sharing in Intelligent Organization

Much is currently being written about the need to encourage employees to share knowledge in order for companies to maintain a role as an intelligent organization in a technologically sophisticated environment. However, there is little written of the relationship between employee rights to satisfactory employment conditions, employee responsibilities in decision-making, and employee willingness to share their knowledge collaboratively. This paper seeks to redress this gap by discussing the importance of the relationship between employee rights and responsibilities and employee willingness to share knowledge. The reaction of a group of employees (academics) employed in an Intelligent Organization (university) to a reduction in their rights and responsibilities is discussed in order to design a framework of employee rights and responsibilities required for knowledge sharing in intelligent organizations.