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121.
文章运用管理知识及科技信息,帮助研发部门掌握相关知识,作为产品研发的整体策略规划、管理及创新,以缩短产品开发周期,增加产品在市场的竞争力,进而协助企业适应多变、不确定的竞争环境。 相似文献
122.
123.
谈我国信用标准的方案设计 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
林钧跃 《世界标准化与质量管理》2006,(6):26-28
信用标准为征信机构的设施建设、技术和操作提供了规范,对征信产品质量提出了明确的要求,必将对我国征信行业的发展产生重要影响。借鉴国际经验,加快信用标准化工作并把握好标准的设计是当前的一项重要任务。 相似文献
124.
会计国际化是经济全球化和金融市场国际化的必然要求,会计国际化实质上是各国的利益相互协调。本文首先定位会计国家化,然后就如何协调会计国际化与国家化的辨证关系展开论述,最后就我国会计的国际化问题进行了分析。 相似文献
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127.
知识型企业组织结构依然存在的等级层次,不同层级的人需要不同而应采取异质激励,同一层级的人也因个体的差异也需要异质激励,而异质激励总的来说都归于物质轨道与精神轨道.据此构建出知识型企业链级双轨激励模型. 相似文献
128.
Synopsis It has been difficult to make progress in the study of ethnicity and nationalism because of the multiple confusions of analytic
and lay terms, and the sheer lack of terminological standardization (often even within the same article). This makes a conceptual
cleaning-up unavoidable, and it is especially salutary to attempt it now that more economists are becoming interested in the
effects of identity on behavior, so that they may begin with the best conceptual tools possible. My approach to these questions
has been informed by anthropological and evolutionary-psychological questions. I will focus primarily on the terms ‘ethnic
group’, ‘nation’, and ‘nationalism’, and I will make the following points: (1) so-called ‘ethnic groups’ are collections of
people with a common cultural identity, plus an ideology of membership by descent and normative endogamy; (2) the ‘group’
in ‘ethnic group’ is a misleading misnomer—these are not ‘groups’ but categories, so I propose to call them ‘ethnies’; (3) ‘nationalism’ mostly refers to the recent ideology that ethnies—cultural communities
with a self-conscious ideology of self-sufficient reproduction—be made politically sovereign; (4) it is very confusing to
use ‘nationalism’ also to stand for ‘loyalty to a multi-ethnic state’ because this is the exact opposite; (5) a ‘nation’ truly
exists only in a politician’s imagination, so analysts should not pretend that establishing whether something ‘really’ is
or is not ‘a nation’ matters; (6) a big analytic cost is paid every time an ‘ethnie’ is called a ‘nation’ because this mobilizes
the intuition that nationalism is indispensable to ethnic organization (not true), which thereby confuses the very historical
process—namely, the recent historical emergence of nationalism—that must be explained; (7) another analytical cost is paid
when scholars pretend that ethnicity is a form of kinship—it is not. 相似文献
129.
Summary. In this paper, we establish the most possilbe general formulation of the technology governing carbon-gas emission, giving
rise to global external diseconomies, and ty to explore into the strategic interactions,both domestic and international, when
an individual country decides on the environmental policies. Through the comparison among emission taxes, quotas, and standard
in the perfectly competitive private economies, we find that the first two policies are equivalent but they are different
in effects by virtue of what we may call the tax-exemption effect of emission standards. Such a difference in the policy effect
further affects the other country's welfare through the global externalities, amplified through whether the government can
precommit to either the emission tax or the emission standard.
Received: January 16, 2001; revised version: April 16, 2002
RID="*"
ID="*" The authors thank the valuable comments by an anonymous referee. Ministry of Education and Science for its financial
support is also greatly acknowledged.
Correspondence to:K. Kiyono 相似文献
130.
Bruno De Borger 《European Journal of Political Economy》1997,13(4):765-781
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of externalities on pricing decisions by a public or a private regulated firm selling both final and intermediate goods. The externalities generate feedbacks in demand that affect both consumers and producers. The model is very general in that it does not impose constant returns to scale on private production, allows for distributional effects of both the publicly determined prices and private sector profits, and captures the general equilibrium effects of public pricing. Socially optimal pricing rules are derived, and the relation of the results with previous models of pricing in the presence of externalities is investigated. 相似文献