当前中国商业银行流动性过剩的成因及政策建议

现有的对流动性过剩原因分析多数是从定性的角度进行.事实上,商业银行流动性过剩成因复杂,必须从宏观和微观两个层面上选取具有代表性的因素加以实证分析才能得到令人信服的结论.由实证分析结果可知,我国商业银行流动性过剩是多种因素造成的,包括宏观上的外汇占款过大、居民储蓄率过高等,也包括微观上的金融市场结构不合理、直接融资相对份额不高、商业银行在经营上过于依赖存贷业务等.因此,既要改革汇率形成机制,适当抑制出口,同时也要完善社会保障机制,促进消费.     

中国的货币化与金融化:影响因素与演进趋势

我国的货币化与金融化问题,尽管基本上符合经济货币化与金融化的总体趋势和演进规律,但却具有一定的独特性:具有极高的货币化比率和偏低的金融相关比率(从而极低的证券化比率).从储蓄分流、金融结构优化和缓解流动性过剩3个视角对该问题的分析表明:储蓄分流应该是增量分流,金融结构优化应该是缩减间接融资的相对规模,我国出现货币化"折点"应满足的条件是M2持续增长但其增速却持续低于名义GDP增速.就我国货币化"折点"出现的时间而言,尽管具有不确定性,但金融相关比率和证券化比率在相当长时间内继续提升却是可以明确预期的.     

股权结构、不确定性与现金持有异象 ——经验证据及其解读

以中国非金融业上市公司为研究对象,对现金持有量及其影响因素进行统计分析和实证检验,结果表明：在中国上市公司中,高额现金持有现象普遍存在;在职消费和代理成本都与现金持有量显著正相关;股权集中度和股权制衡度都与现金持有量之间存在显著的倒“U”型关系;经营活动不确定性和财务活动不确定性都与现金持有量显著负相关;盈利能力与现金持有量显著正相关;负债融资与现金持有量显著负相关。上述研究发现提供了一些现金持有异象的经验证据,说明中国上市公司的制度环境和治理结构具有一定的特殊性。     

Rollover risk and credit risk under time-varying margin

For a firm financed by a mixture of collateralized (short-term) debt and uncollateralized (long-term) debt, we show that fluctuations in margin requirements, reflecting funding liquidity shocks, lead to increasing the firm’s default risk and credit spreads. The severity with which a firm is hit by increasing margin requirements highly depends on both its financing structure and debt maturity structure. Our results imply that an additional premium should be added when evaluating debt in order to account for rollover risks, especially for short-matured bonds. In terms of policy implications, our results strongly indicate that regulators should intervene fast to curtail margins in crisis periods and maintain a reasonably low margin level in order to effectively prevent creditors’ run on debt.     

Fiscal Policy in a Currency Union at the Zero Lower Bound

This paper constructs a two‐country core–periphery New Keynesian model of a currency union to address the interaction between the objectives of regionally directed fiscal policy constrained by a single currency and the aggregate use of fiscal policy in face of the zero lower bound (ZLB) on policy interest rates. We identify an optimal path of aggregate and relative fiscal policy responses to a negative region‐specific demand shock. Our results show that (i) in a monetary union, the optimal policy response to an asymmetric reduction in demand concentrated in the periphery always entails a relative shift of fiscal expenditure toward the worse‐affected regions, (ii) though no aggregate fiscal response is required outside the ZLB, and (iii) optimal union‐wide fiscal policy is expansionary at the ZLB. Therefore, optimal policy always entails an expansion in the periphery at the ZLB, but the optimal fiscal response in the core regions can be either expansionary or contractionary depending on the parameters of the model. However, (iv) fiscal expansion in the core is warranted if the periphery cannot implement an expansion due to constraints on public spending.     

Price impact of block trades: the curious case of downstairs trading in the EU emissions futures market

Using high-frequency data from the European Climate Exchange (ECX), we examine the determinants of price impact of €21 billion worth of block trades during 2008–2011 in the European carbon market. We find that wider bid-ask spreads and volatility are characterised by a smaller price impact. Larger levels of price impact are more likely to occur during the middle of the trading day, specifically the four-hour period between 11 a.m. and 3 p.m., than during the first or final hours. Purchase block trades induce a relatively smaller price impact on price run-up, while sell block trades exhibit a larger price impact on price run-up. We conclude that block trades on the ECX induce less price impact than in equity or conventional futures markets, and that a significant proportion of the effects contradict findings on block trades in those markets; thus, we provide the first evidence of the curious bent to block trading in the European Union emissions trading scheme.     

Investor relations,information asymmetry and market value

Evidence to date on the market value of investor relations (IR) strategies is limited. We test the market relevance of IR activity directly employing a proprietary database measuring IR quality across all firms listed on NYSE, Amex and NASDAQ. Although, in theory, ‘repackaging’ and communicating existing information should have no market impact, we find that firms with higher quality IR strategies are rewarded with significantly higher valuation multiples. In addition, increase in IR quality is associated with increases in analyst following and liquidity. Overall, our findings are generally stronger for small firms which are more likely to be ‘neglected’. Our evidence is consistent with effective IR successfully raising firm visibility leading to enhanced recognition and reduced information asymmetry in line with Merton (1987 Merton, R., 1987. A simple model of capital market equilibrium with incomplete information. Journal of Finance, 42 (3), 483–510. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1987.tb04565.x[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and thus ‘fairer’ firm valuation as argued by IR professionals.     

On Freezing Depositor Funds at Financially Distressed Banks: An Experimental Analysis

This article reports an experiment conducted to evaluate the effects of alterations in the terms of repayments to depositors following a liquidity suspension, as well as the effect of alterations in the publicity of information about withdrawal behavior on the fragility of distressed banks. Results indicate that a “tough” renegotiation stance of protecting depositors who maintain their money in the bank, can quite effectively promote stability. Information provided to depositors regarding past withdrawal behavior weakens the effectiveness of a tough renegotiation policy but reduces fragility somewhat for a more lenient rescheduling condition.     

Preferential Regulatory Treatment and Banks' Demand for Government Bonds

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of preferential regulatory treatment on banks' demand for government bonds. Using unique transaction‐level data, our analysis suggests that preferential treatment in microprudential liquidity and capital regulation significantly increases banks' demand for government bonds. Liquidity and capital regulation also seem to incentivize banks to substitute other bonds with government bonds. We also find evidence that this “regulatory effect” leads banks to reduce lending to the real economy.     

一般均衡下的金融市场流动性黑洞研究

本文在一般均衡框架下建立了考虑投资者多样化程度,投机交易者比例以及宏观货币政策稳定性三因素的两期交易模型,得到了金融市场受到流动性冲击后可能出现的三种均衡状态。当流动性冲击加大时,市场在一定条件下无法找到合理的出清价格而出现大幅下跌从而引发流动性黑洞事件。研究表明:投资者越是多样化、投机交易者比例越小、宏观货币政策带来的流动性冲击越小,市场出现极端流动性黑洞的可能性就越小。