Strategic orientations,incentive plan adoptions,and firm performance: evidence from electric utility firms

This study examines the performance implications of the fit between strategic orientations and incentive plan characteristics. Research hypotheses are based on a framework that draws upon managerial discretion and agency theories to identify the links between firm strategy, managerial motivation and control, managerial risk-bearing, and incentive plan characteristics. A pooled cross-sectional, time series research design is used to test hypotheses in a sample of 50 electric utility firms. Consistent with theory, results indicate that annual bonus plans that use cash incentives and accounting measures of performance lead to better performance among firms with Defender strategic orientations. In contrast, firms with Prospector strategic orientations realize performance benefits when they adopt stock-based incentive plans and use market measures to evaluate managerial performance. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Innovation objectives,knowledge sources,and the benefits of breadth

Given the inherent risk of innovative activity, firms can improve the odds of success by pursuing multiple parallel objectives. Because innovation draws on many sources of ideas, firms also may improve their odds of successful innovation by accessing a large number of knowledge sources. In this study, we conduct one of the first firm‐level statistical analyses of the impact on innovation of breadth in both innovation objectives and knowledge sources. The empirical results suggest that broader horizons with respect to innovation objectives and knowledge sources are associated with successful innovation. We do not find diminishing returns to breadth in innovation objectives, which suggests that firms may tend to search too narrowly. We interpret these results in light of well‐known cognitive biases toward searching in relatively familiar domains. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

薪酬外部不公平性与非效率投资--基于社会比较理论的解释和经验证据

在高管薪酬体制扭曲现实背景和社会比较理论视角下,引入心理学和行为学研究成果,关注薪酬外部不公平性对高管心理感知及行为选择影响。研究发现,薪酬外部不公平易引发高管“黑嫉妒”心理,导致其寻求替代性补偿激励而增加非效率投资。这一现象在民营企业更为突出,主要是因国有企业报酬体系异化所致。宏观经济形势和公司所在地区对薪酬外部不公平性与非效率投资之间关系有显著调节作用。研究还发现受自我期望值、归因模式及注意力基础等因素影响,高管对薪酬外部公平性问题的心理感知存在显著性别差异,女性高管治理有助于缓解男性高管主导的“黑嫉妒”心理和抑制非效率投资。     

绩效考核、管理者过度自信与成本费用粘性

文章运用2007-2011年我国A股主板上市公司数据,首次结合我国企业负责人绩效考核制度从心理学角度实证检验了管理者过度自信对公司成本费用管理决策的影响。研究结果表明,管理者过度自信使得其对自己的成本控制行为及其将来与供应商谈判的能力给予过高的预期,以及为避免收入下降带来的盈余下滑,公司管理者倾向于削减费用开支,进而使得我国管理者过度自信程度和公司成本费用粘性呈现负相关关系。较之非国有控股上市公司而言,国有控股上市公司负责人的薪酬、职务升迁在更大程度上取决于公司经营业绩,这使得国有控股上市公司管理者过度自信程度与成本费用粘性度的负相关关系更为显著。文章研究深化了成本费用粘性的心理学视角解说,弥补国内费用粘性相关研究的不足,丰富了管理者过度自信学术文献,并有助于客观评价企业负责人绩效考核制度的成败。     

无专利许可使用费可供参照的专利侵权损害赔偿探讨

无专利许可使用费可以参照的专利侵权案件,存在法定赔偿额上下限幅度过大、缺乏赔偿额量化标准和情节考量标准、法官的自由裁量权过大等问题.通过对国内外专利立法的比较研究,提出一种法定赔偿的适用方式:即通过对无许可专利价值的分析和估算确定赔偿的幅度范围、通过对侵权情节的考量在该幅度范围内酌定具体数额.结合审判实践和专利分析技术,分析估算专利价值的因素、应参照的侵权情节,并对部分争议较大的因素作了探讨.试图解决困扰专利审判实践的难题,为专利法的修订和法定赔偿制度的完善起到参考作用.     

管理防御视域下的管理者特征与公司业绩研究

在信息不对称和契约不完备的情况下,自利管理者与股东之间的利益冲突,引发管理者固守职位并最大化自身效用的管理防御行为。通过选择管理者年龄、管理者任期、管理者学历、管理者持股比例和管理者薪酬等特征变量,选取2003-2008年间6年连续上市的A股上市公司面板数据,从管理防御视角考察管理者特征与公司业绩的相关性。研究表明管理者年龄、管理者学历和管理者薪酬与公司业绩显著正相关,管理者任期与业绩显著负相关,管理者持股对业绩有负面影响。     

管理防御对上市公司资本结构的影响

在信息不对称和契约不完备的情况下,自利管理者与股东之间的利益冲突引发管理者固守职位并最大化自身效用的管理防御行为。从影响管理防御的管理者特征、管理者激励和管理者监督三个方面选择了7个因素,利用深、沪两市上市公司2001-2007年3804个样本,实证分析了管理防御影响因素对资本结构的影响。研究发现:在没有外部威胁的情况下防御的管理者偏好低负债,国有控制样本和非国有样本管理防御对资本结构影响存在一定差异。     

管理者过度自信,融资偏好与公司投资

通过公司投资与现金流之间的敏感度具体考察管理者的过度自信行为对我国上市公司内部或者外部融资偏好行为的影响,结果表明:总经理的年龄越大,任职时间越长,学历越高,以及当总经理拥有理工类教育背景时,总经理的过度自信行为越弱,因此,总经理更多地利用外部融资而不是内部融资,从而公司投资与现金流之间的敏感度越弱;而当总经理拥有经管类教育背景时,总经理的过度自信行为越强,因此,总经理更少地利用外部融资,从而公司投资与现金流之间的敏感度越强。     

Differences Between Management Philosophies Among American and Chinese Hotel Managers: A Cultural Comparison Between Las Vegas and Shanghai

The aim of this study is to ascertain, in an international tourism context, whether there are cultural discrepancies between hotel employees who have been educated and trained in a host country, and guests who have traveled to that country, given that each group is imbued with their own national culture. The findings indicate that not only do Thai frontline hotel employees have different expectations about the behavior of Japanese and Korean customers, but that the expectations of both customer groups concerning their own behavior differ from those of Thai employees. A significant gap was found in perceptions of actual behavior between the international customers and hotel staff, suggesting that cultural discrepancies are indeed present, but also vary by ethnicity. The scale of the discrepancy between Thai employees’ perceptions of Japanese tourists’ behavior, for example, was larger than in the case of the Korean customers. Comparison of the expectations of the two international customer groups also revealed strong differences.     

Social Structure in Economic Theory

This paper investigates the factors that drive ruler decision making under democracy. By dividing politicians’ actions into two distinct domains and exploring their compositions, we construct a fuller and more realistic picture of politician decision making. In the non-discretionary domain, the politician’s actions are clearly limited by voter desires; in the discretionary domain the politician is free to make choices as he chooses without voter repercussions. Standard neoclassical models of political behavior suggest that when votes don’t matter, monetary income drives ruler behavior. While monetary pursuit may explain some ruler decisions, it leaves many other observed choices unexplained. Our non-discretionary/discretionary dichotomy highlights the up-to-now neglected role that psychic income plays in explaining otherwise unexplained ruler decisions. The case studies considered support this view.