母国税制对东道国税收优惠政策的影响——基于美国对华直接投资的研究

国际直接投资研究领域,人们普遍认为,当母国对来源于外国的所得实行抵免制以避免国际重复课税时,东道国对外资企业的税收优惠往往转化为母国政府的财政收入,母国的投资者无法获得东道国给予的税收优惠.针对该观点,文章比较了1990～2004年实行抵免制的美国及实行豁免制和饶让抵免制的其它西方发达国家在华直接投资,未发现美国与其它西方发达国家在华直接投资的积极性存在显著差异.由于美国对该国投资者给予税收递延,使得投资者依然能够获得东道国的税收优惠,美国实行的抵免制并未阻碍该国投资者在华投资热情.该结论对预测内外资企业所得税合并对外资流入的影响具有重要的现实意义.     

美国NAIC关于长期责任准备金的提取方法及其借鉴

2004年12月,中国保监会发布了《保险公司非寿险业务准备金管理办法(试行)》,规定了各种责任准备金的提取方法。该试行办法中,有关对长期责任准备金的提取方法的规定侧重于原则性,缺乏可操作性,有待进一步完善。美国保险官协会(NAIC)于1997年修订、并于1998年开始实施的关于长期责任准备金的提取方法,对我国非寿险公司以及保险监管部门有借鉴意义。特别是按照美国保险官协会(NAIC)的新规定,长期责任准备金的提取涉及到精算人员的经验与判断,故对精算人员提出了更高的要求。     

浅析人民币汇率变动原因及其影响

汇率作为国际金融的重要指标，一直以来都是实现和衡量一国经济内外均衡的工具。本文从宏观和微观两个方面分析了人民币汇率变动对中国经济的影响，并提出相应措施以保持人民币汇率的稳定，促进我国经济内外均衡发展。     

A new higher-order weak approximation scheme for stochastic differential equations and the Runge–Kutta method

The authors report on the construction of a new algorithm for the weak approximation of stochastic differential equations. In this algorithm, an ODE-valued random variable whose average approximates the solution of the given stochastic differential equation is constructed by using the notion of free Lie algebras. It is proved that the classical Runge–Kutta method for ODEs is directly applicable to the ODE drawn from the random variable. In a numerical experiment, this is applied to the problem of pricing Asian options under the Heston stochastic volatility model. Compared with some other methods, this algorithm is significantly faster. This research was partly supported by the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), 15540110, 2003 and 18540113, 2006, the 21st century COE program at Graduate School of Mathematical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, and JSPS Core-to-Core Program 18005.     

当前我国通货膨胀的成因分析及政策建议

我国CPI已连续13个月运行在6%以上,这意味着抑制通胀已成为我国政府亟待解决的问题。要有效抑制通胀,关键在于找到引起通胀的原因,再对症下药。本文首先简单介绍引起通胀的一般原因,然后,从我国经济管理制度演变的角度以及国际博弈的角度详细分析引起我国当前货币发行失控,进而引起我国持续通胀的原因。最后,对我国长期以来偏重外贸的经济发展战略和不合时宜的汇率制度提出改革建议,同时,这些建议也是控制我国当前通胀最为有效的措施。     

中国电子商务税收管理体制探索

随着全球电子商务的快速发展,伴随电子商务发展而来的电子商务法律法规问题成为各国关注的焦点。对于是否应对电子商务征税及如何对其征税等问题,欧美等一些国家已出台了部分专门的法规。而对于经济迅速发展的中国而言,电子商务税收管理也是一个不可避免的问题。国内一些电子商务企业已试图或正在努力开拓国际市场,而部分国外电子商务企业也已进入国内市场。如何正确、合理地制定相关的电子商务税收政策,以促进我国电子商务的发展及其国际化是我国政府亟需解决的问题。     

The Biofuel Controversy

Summary  About a decade ago, the main OECD countries decided to promote the use of biofuels so as to reduce greenhouse gases, to contribute to energy self-sufficiency and to create additional demand for agricultural commodities. The introduction of mandatory blending requirements and lavish subsidies spurred fast adoption of this technology. In the course of 2008, the already existing controversy about the effectiveness of this strategy culminated as the resulting upward shift in demand contributed to staggering rises in food prices on world markets. It is uncertain as yet whether this will tone done current ambitions among policy makers to expand biofuel production. The paper shows that high ratios of energy prices to food prices are needed to make biofuel production profitable without the mandatory blending and subsidies. Yet, even if food-based biofuels disappeared, the issue remains that rising high energy prices will promote intensified use worldwide of land for energy crops, requiring huge amounts of mineral fertilizers and putting nature under additional pressure. In policy terms, this defines three major tasks. The first is replacing the current excise taxes on energy carriers by a uniform carbon tax, so as to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions in an efficient manner, the second to prevent price fluctuations on the oil markets from destabilizing food markets, as happened in recent years. Introduction of upper limits on the use of food for biofuel could prove effective here. The third, much wider, task is to make the transition to a partly biomass based energy production possible and sustainable, that is establishing fair distribution of property and user rights over the lands, while safeguarding biodiversity and soil fertility and maintaining adequate labour standards and living conditions, also during periods that these become non-profitable following a drop in energy prices. The authors thank Lia van Wesenbeeck for her comments.     

西部地区税收竞争特征及政策取向分析

无论是自身经济实力还是财税制度安排都使西部地区在税收竞争中先天不足,在当前愈演愈烈的税收竞争中逐渐凸显出被动性、政策诱因性及弱势竞争等特征。本文就当前西部地区税收竞争的特征展开讨论并提出相应的政策建议,对规范税收竞争,加强政府间税收协调,构建和谐税收具有现实意义。     

社会公平感与税收遵从的实验分析

本文通过实验的方法来检验社会公平感与税收遵从之间的关系。实验的结果支持并且验证了"如果纳税人是不公平的受害者,那么其税收遵从水平会下降;如果他是不公平的受益者,则其税收遵从水平会提高"这个假设。同时实验结果还表明,同等程度不公平感对不公平的受害者的税收遵从的影响大于对受益者的影响。据此,本文提出了相应的政策建议。     

我国外汇市场动量效应的实证研究——基于改进的MA交易规则

本文构建了改进的MA交易规则,运用13600种策略对我国外汇市场上的动量效应进行了实证检验,发现存在着显著的动量超额收益,证明“有效市场”理论在中国外汇市场上并不成立。同时,这种超额收益也受到了人民币汇率形成机制改革的显著影响,机制改革后随着汇率弹性的增加和市场供求关系的逐渐体现,动量效应有所减弱,市场逐渐向“理性”发展。