自由贸易、保护贸易和发展战略

一个国家不可能在每一种商品上都具有竞争优势,能也只能在其比较优势商品上具有竞争优势,专业化生产并出口其比较优势商品,进口其比较劣势商品。     

努力改革创新 发展物流配送 提高企业核心竞争能力

我国以仓储为特色的传统物流在层次上,与发达国家的现代物流有着较大差距;中国加入WTO后,给从事物流经营的企业界提出了挑战性的课题：如何作好传统物流业向现代物流配送业转变,提高企业核心竞争力,应从国内仓储业现有基础实力作起,引进新的动作理论,从多角度阐述,为加速仓储业的整合提升力度作探讨。     

Valuing time in supply chains: Establishing limits of time-based competition

Over the past two decades the growth in international trade and the offshore migration of US manufacturing have created global supply chains with longer lead-times and slower response. This suggests that traditional supply chains have encountered limits to time-based competition in which the cost of faster replenishment exceeds the benefits. This paper explores and quantifies those limits to time-based competition in make-to-stock supply chains for functional products (products with stable demand over relatively long life cycles).     

TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY ESTIMATION: A PRACTICAL REVIEW

Abstract This paper aims to provide empirical researchers with an overview of the methodological issues that arise when estimating total factor productivity at the establishment level, as well as of the existing (parametric and semi‐parametric) techniques designed to overcome them. Apart from the well‐known simultaneity and selection bias, attention is given to methodological issues that have emerged more recently and that are related to the use of deflated values of inputs and outputs (as opposed to quantities) in estimating productivity at the firm level, as well as to the endogeneity of product choice. In discussing the estimation procedures applied in the literature, attention is given to recent developments in the field. Using data on single‐product firms active in the Belgian food and beverages sector, the most commonly applied estimators are illustrated, allowing for comparison of the obtained productivity estimates by way of a simple evaluation exercise.     

From central planning towards a market economy: The role of ownership and competition in Vietnamese firms’ productivity

This paper examines the role of ownership and market competition in Vietnamese firms’ total factor productivity (TFP) from 2001 to 2011. Making use of a large panel dataset of manufacturing firms, we find that, on average, both foreign-owned enterprises (FOEs) and state-owned enterprises (SOEs) have performed better than privately owned enterprises (POEs) in terms of their TFP levels. However, while FOEs’ TFP ranked the highest in the period 2001–2006, SOEs “closed the gap” in the period 2007–2011. Moreover, we find that market competition has been effective in enhancing average firm productivity and in reducing the gaps in efficiency across ownership types. SOEs’ remarkable performance may be linked to several concurrent factors experienced during the period 2001–2011, namely, the process of restructuring the state sector during the 2000s, the increased economic integration due to the country's accession to the World Trade Organization (2007) and, finally, the preferential access to financial capital and land granted to SOEs. While some evidence supports SOEs’ equitization as an explanation for their remarkable productivity performance, WTO accession and cheaper access to inputs do not fully explain it.     

Paragons of virtue? Competitor entry and the strategies of incumbents in the U.S. local telecommunications industry

We investigate whether the presence of new competitors has influenced the behaviour of U.S. incumbent local exchange carriers (ILECs) with respect to pricing, advertising and the extent of diversification that they engage in. This issue is explored empirically, using data for the major local exchange carriers for the years 1994 to 1998. The period straddles periods of both absence and presence of competition in the industry, since the Telecommunications Act of 1996 has opened hitherto closed markets to competitive local exchange carriers (CLECs). While a recent Federal Communications Commission (FCC) report on local competition documents vigorous entry during the past years, the market share of the entrants is insubstantial. Our results indicate that the threat provided by market entrants has notably influenced the strategic behaviour of ILECs. The findings show that the incumbent U.S. local operators, particularly the larger ILECs, aggressively protect their profit streams from traditional business. The evidence demonstrates that the ILECs have responded to the Telecommunications Act 1996, and to the threat of market entry it has created, through entry deterrence. This strategic behaviour has been successful in providing ILECs with protection of their monopolistic markets so far.     

银行业放松管制的理论分析与宏观效果——兼论中国加入WTO对大陆和香港的影响

本文建立了一个包含银行、消费者和生产者的三部门一般均衡模型 ,获得了短期均衡和长期均衡条件 ,分析了存贷差扩大和国有银行改革的关系。本文有两个重要理论发现 :一个是发现了用于短期分析的D 曲线和G 曲线。另一个是发现了长期稳定均衡状态对国有银行体制改革和长期经济增长的含意。理论分析表明 ,银行业实行资产负债比例管理与利率的严格控制存在矛盾 ;中国加入WTO后 ,银行业放松管制 ,引入竞争 ,不仅能推动中国大陆的GDP、投资、消费和储蓄的增长 ,而且可以缓解通货紧缩压力 ;但是国有银行的垄断利润将下降。中国加入WTO将给香港的银行部门带来新的发展机会。     

Spatial Competition with an Outside Good and Distributed Reservation Prices

In this paper, we analyze spatial competition within the framework of a Hotelling model with quadratic transportation costs and an outside option. The new feature of our approach is that consumers are uniformly distributed not only along the Hotelling line but also with regard to reservation prices. It turns out that in this particular model, duopolists always locate their shops exactly at the first and third quartile of the consumer distribution – i.e., at the socially optimal locations. Moreover, with uniformly distributed reservation prices, less than seventy percent of the consumers buy the good, and profits are less than fifteen percent of those in the standard model without an outside option. Received February 7, 2001; revised version received March 27, 2002 Published online: November 11, 2002     

Ecological and economic sustainability in fishery management: A multi-agent model for understanding competition and cooperation

Recent studies have shown that many marine ecosystems are experiencing an accelerating loss of population and biodiversity. It is apparent that there is a growing disparity between the available supply of fish and the desire of the growing world population to catch them. Although studies have begun to question the ecological sustainability of managed fishery systems, they often omit the corresponding effects on the economic sustainability of fishery industries. This is particularly important in rural coastal areas where the fishing industry is often a dominant employer. In this article, we analyze the interactions between economic and ecological dynamic systems using a multi-agent dynamic model of fishery management. Multiple agents (fishers) harvest multiple fish species and adapt the amount and allocation of their effort to their value functions, which are given as net profits of the fish harvest sold for a market price. This is largely unique in fishery models, since many econometric studies view fishers as represented by homogenous ‘average’ agents. We introduce and compare two different decision rules governing the behavior of fishers engaged in a competitive market. We demonstrate a situation where both behaviors lead to a decline of all fish stocks, as well as profits for most fishers. As an alternative, we introduce a cooperative approach in which fisheries jointly set sustainable limits for total harvest and effort that are then distributed to the fishers according to distribution rules. The simulation reveals that fish stocks and profits can stabilize at significantly higher levels in the cooperative case, leading to a continuous accumulation of capital for all fishers. This model demonstrates key aspects of overfishing conflicts that can be overcome through planned fishing quotas and cooperative market mechanisms. It also demonstrates a novel approach for simulating the dynamic behavior of heterogeneous fishers.     

中国多产品出口企业竞争策略识别研究

基于企业内产品间出口价格和出口金额之间的关系识别多产品出口企业竞争策略。结果发现,质量竞争策略和成本竞争策略均存在于我国多产品出口企业中,但是采取质量竞争策略的多产品出口企业在企业数量和企业绩效上都明显优于采取成本竞争策略的企业。行业层面识别结果表明,近60%的行业显著采取质量竞争策略,只有7.33%的行业显著采取成本竞争策略;结合行业属性发现,产业链上游行业、质量差异化程度低的行业倾向于采取成本竞争策略,产业链中下游行业、质量差异化程度高的行业倾向于采取质量竞争策略。