Multiple Objective Approach as an Alternative to Radial Projection in DEA

Radial projection is a standard technique applied in data envelopment analysis (DEA) to calculate efficiency scores for input and/or output variables. In this paper, we have studied the appropriateness of radial projection for target setting. We have created a situation where the decision making units (DMUs) are free to choose their own target values on the efficient frontier and then compared the results to those of radial projection. In practice, target values are primarily used for future goal attainment; hence, not only preferences but also, and on the whole, change in time frame, affect the choice of target values. Based on that, we conducted an empirical experiment with an aim to study how the DMUs choose their most preferred target values on the efficient frontier. The subjects, who all were students of the Helsinki School of Economics, were given the freedom to explore their personalized efficient frontiers by using a multiple objective linear programming (MOLP) approach. To study various and relevant scenarios, the personalized efficient frontiers for all students were constructed in such a way that the current position of each student in relation to the frontier made him/her inefficient, efficient, or super-efficient. The results show that the use of radial projection for target setting is too restrictive.     

法律的客观性探讨——读波斯纳的《法理学问题》

波斯纳在《法理学问题》中提出一种实用主义法理学,其论证关键在于探究法律的客观与否。他认为,法官自由意志的运用常常意味着答案的不确定,司法程序又可能使裁判事实最终取决于举证或法院的偏见而未必取决于事实真相,客观事实与规范事实之间的界限模糊使判决缺乏可预期性,所以,我们必须正视法律的非客观性。对于波斯纳的解构性论证和实用主义进路,应当持保留态度,以避免法律丧失自主性甚至丧失法治信仰。可以从程序设置、司法独立等因素入手减少对客观性的不必要牺牲,这应更具建设性意义。     

谈中小企业员工职业生涯发展

常规的战略规划方法往往把战略目标作为一个结果看待 ,但由于环境是变化多端的 ,战略目标经常会变得与环境不相适应。有效的做法是将战略目标看作一个过程 ,用渐进的方式构建目标体系。另外在选择阶段性目标时 ,应注意权衡各种因素。     

思想政治理论课实践教学改革与实践探索

实践教学是思想政治理论课教学的重要组成部分,是激发学生创新能力,培养学生创新精神和实践能力的重要途径。要做好思想政治理论课实践教学,首先要明确思想政治理论课实践教学的目标,并采取丰富多彩的形式,强化各门课程的协调与合作。其次要建立完善思想政治理论课实践教学的组织领导、师资队伍、经费投入、基地建设、激励机制、质量标准和评价指标等保障机制和监督体系。     

以目标成本为起点的预算编制模式探讨

对预算编制起点问题,学术界存在不同的观点.本文在对各种观点进行评述的基础上,就以目标成本为起点的预算模式的基本思想、程序和方法、选择策略进行了探讨.     

Intrinsic objective Bayesian estimation of the mean of the Tweedie family

ABSTRACT

The Tweedie family, which is classified by the choice of power unit variance function, includes heavy tailed distributions, and as such could be of significant relevance to actuarial science. The class includes the Normal, Poisson, Gamma, Inverse Gaussian, Stable and Compound Poisson distributions. In this study, we explore the intrinsic objective Bayesian point estimator for the mean value of the Tweedie family based on the intrinsic discrepancy loss function – which is an inherent loss function arising only from the underlying distribution or model, without any subjective considerations – and the Jeffreys prior distribution, which is designed to express absence of information about the quantity of interest. We compare the proposed point estimator with the Bayes estimator, which is the posterior mean based on quadratic loss function and the Jeffreys prior distribution. We carry a numerical study to illustrate the methodology in the context of the Inverse Gaussian model, which is fully unexplored in this novel context, and which is useful to insurance contracts.     

影响二胡音色的客观因素

二胡作为民族拉弦乐器的代表,演奏技巧得到了巨大的发展,但是,乐器本身还有诸多不完善的地方,而很多因素都可以改变乐器的音色。为了满足演奏者对各种不同演奏风格作品的需要,可以利用这些因素,将乐器调节成多种目标音色。     

影响大学生道德自觉的因素分析

大学生道德自觉是大学生在有效的道德教育下自觉形成的道德行为以及承担起时代使命的道德责任。从主观因素看,道德信仰、道德认同、道德体验影响着大学生道德自觉;从客观因素看,不完善的体制、市场经济负面效应、多元文化冲击以及教育合力的欠缺影响着大学生道德自觉。     

社会资本对客观福利影响的国内研究述评

基于研究单位的不同层次梳理了社会资本的不同维度影响现实客观福利的相关文献。在个体层次上,先前研究发现,关系的强弱程度及其社会网络结构及其嵌入其中的资源能显著影响人们的地位获得、职业流动、家庭收入以及个人重要权益等客观福利内容;在集体层次上,大量前期文献发现群体或社区的信任、参与和互惠水平有助于提高该集体成员的福利水平。同时,社会资本相关研究还存在着结论相互不一致、集体层次相关研究较少以及研究方法较单一等问题。     

影响国际货币政策协诟有效性的主客观因素

影响国际货币政策协调有效性的因素有很多,这些因素可以区分为客观和主观两个方面。其中,客观方面的因素主要有经济开放度、出口商定价方式、外部冲击、国际金融市场的完善程度、政策制定者信息、汇率传递速度、贸易结构的非对称性等;主观方面的因素包括市场主体理性预期、政策制定者动机、强势国家主导、搭便车行为和时间不一致性、经济运行的不确定性、中央银行外汇市场联合干预等。文章结合国内外研究文献对这些因素的影响机理进行评述。