集体建设用地使用权流转的博弈行为分析

大量研究表明,尽管国家在政策和法律上采取诸多限制,集体建设用地使用权或明或暗的流转仍然大量发生.从流转主体间的利益博弈过程分析入手,论证集体建设用地使用权流转的客观必然性,为国家逐步放开限制和规范流转提供理论参考.通过重点构建集体建设用地使用权流转的利益博弈模型,求解表明:集体建设用地使用权流转是转出者、转入者和地方政府三方重复利益博弈的必然结果,因为无论何种条件下,流转都将有助干增加流转各方的预期收益.面对流转的大势,变堵为疏,采取有效措施规范和促进集体建设用地使用权的合理有序流转,避免土地收益流失和市场混乱等问题,是未来我国土地管理制度改革的一项重要内容.     

退耕农民参与长效性激励机制的产权分析

通过外部性理论解释了“退耕还林”中农民参与长效性不足的原因,介绍了我国现行的以个体承包制为代表的激励机制,指出了现行个体承包制中存在的产权制度不完整、产权落实不到位及界定模糊等问题,详细分析了这些问题对农民参与长效性的负面影响,并从私人收益保障和生态效益补偿两个维度提出了若干建议。     

Is there decentralization in North Korea? Evidence and lessons from the sloping land management program 2004–2014

In the 1990s, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea) suffered from severe food shortages and large-scale deforestation, which triggered a stage of rural conservation reform. Since 2004, with support from the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), North Korea’s Ministry of Land and Environmental Protection (MoLEP) has implemented a Sloping Land Management Program (SLMP). The SLMP established sloping land user groups and granted these groups the right to use marginal land for agroforestry development. This devolution of land rights from state control onto local groups is a landmark in North Korea, and this decentralization initiative has now expanded to over eight counties to involve thousands of households. It has also led to the launch of a National Agroforestry Policy and Strategy. Drawing from both qualitative and quantitative data collected from 2008 to 2014, this paper documents the process and effects of the SLMP. It argues that the decentralization reform in land management has contributed to not only food security with increased food crop diversity and productivity, but also notably forest recovery through an expansion of tree plantations and agroforestry practices on degraded sloping lands. However, an insufficient power transfer in the form of a lack of timber rights granted to the local user groups has hampered the effectiveness of the SLMP. There are also institutional and geopolitical challenges that are limiting further scaling-up of land-use decentralization across the country. The policy implication calls for more international investment as well as national land-use policy reforms in order to promote and facilitate further decentralization of sloping land management and to secure greater use rights for sloping land user groups.     

What to do with mushroom pickers in my forest? Policy tools from the landowners’ perspective

Wild mushroom picking is a growing recreational and commercial activity. In Spain, wild mushrooms legally belong to the landowner, who seldom benefits from trade in mushrooms or from their recreational value. Cultural aspects (tradition, picker-related harms) and economic aspects (costly forestry works, income opportunities) constitute elements of the debate on how to deal with mushroom picking. Through a survey of private forest owners in Catalonia (north-eastern Spain), this paper examines their experiences with mushroom pickers, the factors shaping their related policy preferences and their willingness to engage in mushroom reserves.The results show broad support for introducing mushroom picking norms. A regulation would allow outsider pickers to enter private land, but only under certain conditions, i.e. to comply with socio-ecological rules of the area. Among respondents who support the regulation, active land owners who report instances of picker-related harm (both tangible and intangible) tend to support the establishment of a fee system which could be reinvested into forest management. That is also the position of the respondents who perceive mushrooms as a private right, i.e. they believe to have a legitimate right to exclude outsider pickers and, eventually, to raise revenues from that asset. On the contrary, forest owners who conceive mushroom picking as a free-access activity prefer neither to regulate it nor to charge fees. The option to establish a mushroom picking reserve depends on the landholder being a fee-supporter and perceiving instances of harm. Harm, instead, is mainly determined by the perception of congestion of pickers, which in turn is determined by the mushroom productivity of their forest, their level of privacy protection and their involvement to the primary sector. These findings help policymakers to better understand the logic and sensitivities of forest owners in view of designing mushroom picking policies that can effectively solve picker-landowner conflicts.     

基于期权的林木产权评估方法

以活立木形式赋存的林木产权除具有一般资产特征外,还具有自然增值性、可扩张性和可延迟采伐的特性,具有一般实物期权的特征,但在评估上与一般资产有较大的不同。将林木产权看作实物期权,在考虑投资时间价值及未来收益不确定性基础上,利用Black-Scholes期权模型对林木产权的期权价值进行估算,从而可为林木产权的拍卖提供一定的参考标准。     

委托-代理理论及国有土地产权分级授权管理

研究目的:在中央和地方政府土地利益博弈影响土地资源合理配置条件下,探讨中国国有土地产权管理新思路.研究方法:文献资料法和实证分析法.研究结果:揭示了中国国有土地产权管理与委托-代理理论的内在关联,提出运用委托-代理理论指导中国国有土地产权管理.研究结论:中国国有土地产权分级授权管理能从根本上理顺土地产权关系,具有较强的现实意义和指导意义.     

土地发展权的配置与流转

研究目的:分析土地发展权配置内容,探讨土地发展权流转机制.研究方法:理论分析法.研究结论:土地发展权配置包括总量、结构、区域和时序等配置.土地发展权的公平、合理配置,是其高效交易与流转的基础.结合中国的政府层级安排,土地发展权按照一定机制分别在宏观、中观和微观三个层次以一、二、三级土地发展权形式配置和流转.三个层次有机连接形成土地发展权配置与流转体系.     

矿产资源在物权制度体系中的地位

法律上的“物”,概念外延等于“实物形态的财产”。矿产资源是一种实物形态的财产,矿权(采矿权和探矿权)是一种用益物权。将矿权纳入《物权法》调整范围,有利于《矿产资源法》的完善。《采矿许可证》和《探矿许可证》最好改称《采矿权证》和《探矿权证》。     

对我国发展森林碳补偿贸易市场的相关问题探讨

本文通过对国际森林碳补偿贸易市场的体系结构、市场驱动力、市场参与者、市场交易的产品、竞争性、支付机制、市场成熟度及交易的范围等方面进行深入研究,就我国发展森林碳补偿贸易过程中如何增加市场驱动力、如何选择市场、如何保障市场供应方权益与产品的可持续提供等问题进行了探讨。     

南方集体林区林业规费调查分析及启示

在对福建省进行实地调查的基础上,分析了南方集体林区林业规费征收、使用和管理中的问题及其对林业生产的影响。总的来看,南方集体林区普遍存在林业规费种类多、规费挤占严重、用途改变、规费的分配对林农不公平以及政府公共支出缺位等问题。合理的林业规费体系的建立应包括取消育林基金、维简费和各种不合理的收费,保留林业保护建设费等少数费用,完善林业部门中的公共财政支出体系以及明晰森林产权等。