The rise and fall of worldwide income inequality, 1820–2035

The development process and the demographic changes that are a central element of it explain both the nearly two centuries of increasing income inequality prior to 2000 and the reversal of this trend that followed. There are at least four phases of the development process: (1) Malthusian pre-development, (2) initial growth, (3) improved productivity, and (4) receding growth. Prior to the industrial revolution, the entire world was in the Malthusian Phase 1. During 1820–1950, about 20 countries, mostly in Western Europe, North America, and Oceania, moved out of Phase 1 and began to grow more rapidly. But, per capita income levels in the rest of the world continued to stagnate and worldwide income inequality widened continuously for at least 150 years following the Industrial Revolution. Around 1960, developing countries began to escape the Malthusian trap and move into Phase 2 of development. By the latter part of the 20th century, many developing countries were achieving growth rates equal to or greater than the high-income countries, slowing the rise in inequality. By 2000–2015 most developing countries were in either Phases 2 or 3 of development, while most of the high-income countries were moving into Phase 4, leading to a sharp reduction in worldwide income inequality. The recent reductions in worldwide income inequality are likely to continue in the near term because of the continuation of the more favorable demographic changes in developing compared to high-income countries.     

产业集群发展轨迹及其政策需求——以福建沿海产业集群发展为例

产业集群是我国市场经济发展的重要标志。在对福建产业集群发展实地调查的基础上,根据事物发展经历数量的积累-质量的提升-更高层次质量、数量的扩张这一规律,提出了产业集群的发展主要经历了起步、内舍提升和外延扩张三个阶段。公共政策有利于产业集群从“外生性超均衡预算”向“内生性超均衡预算”转变,有利于产业集群的跨越式发展,但每个阶段对公共政策的需求除了一些共性需求外,还由于其发展不同特点存在着特殊需求。     

Complex New Product Development Projects: How the Project Manager's Information Sharing With Core Actors Changes Over Time

A heavily burdened project manager must ensure effective information sharing with actors inside and outside the organization because this is a necessary condition for a new product development (NPD) project to achieve its objectives. Knowledge, however, on who actually assists a project manager with the information sharing during NPD projects is limited; therefore, this study of longitudinal objective email data (4658 emails) during a NPD project contributes to theory and practice by advancing our understanding of when and how the project manager establishes relationships with different core actors inside and outside the organization to promote the information sharing.     

邢台市污水厂交替式活性污泥处理工艺设计

邢台市污水处理厂在总结一期工程采用土地处理工艺存在的占地面积大、管理不便等主要因素的基础上,二期工程采用了占地少、投资省、运转灵活的交替式活性污泥处理工艺。该工艺不仅吸收了SBR工艺的主要技术特点,还可以像传统活性污泥法那样在恒定水位下连续运行。该工艺将多个单元工艺池巧妙地组合,构成一体化的池组,并采用先进、可靠的高度自控系统实现污水生物法处理。     

走向现代：1980—2010年中国风景园林学 学科蓬勃发展的特征分析

1980—2010年的改革开放30年,中国确立建设社会主义市场经济体制,城市化建设全面发展,为各行业提供了良好的社会经济基础。风景园林学学科在国家政策支持下得以恢复并进入蓬勃发展的黄金时期。通过对改革开放30年来风景园林学学科建设与发展的3个时期进行梳理,总结这一阶段学科发展的4个特征：1)风景园林行业体系逐步规范化;2)风景园林建设项目从传统到现代;3)风景园林设计单位由单一到多元;4)风景园林人才培养蓬勃发展。该时期风景园林学学科发展的影响为2011年正式成为一级学科奠定了重要基础。     

生态城市的发展路径

以城市生态环境问题为依据,对城市发展阶段进行了划分.认为生态城市是城市发展的最高阶段,以此为基础,借鉴城市圈理论,提出了生态城市建设的大生态城市发展路径.     

建设工程实施阶段的工程质量DEA评价

在建立工程质量评价指标体系的基础上,构建了工程质量评价DEA评价模型,给出了工程质量评价模型的步骤及评价标准,并以某单位工程在施工阶段的12个分部工程为例,进行了建设项目的质量实证评价,对有效的分部工程进行排序,对非有效的分部工程针对不足的地方提出了改进措施。通过评价,可以总结出在管理过程中的经验与教训,以便管理者进行剖析与总结,从而有效地对工程质量进行控制。     

物流中心选址的两阶段法研究

本文研究物流中心的最优选址问题,提出了重心法和层次分析法相结合的一种两阶段选址方法.提出应用重心法求一组物流中心备选方案的方法及原则,并借助层次分析法对备选方案进行综合因素比较,给出了层次分析模型中的各判断矩阵元素的取值范围.实例计算表明该方法的计算结果综合指标好,可操作性强.     

创新型企业文化构建的案例研究

企业能否持续地将技术能力转化为创新成果,并在竞争中取得优势,关键在于其组织文化是否具有创新导向。对创新型企业文化的构建过程进行深入研究,具有重大的现实意义与理论价值。本文首先在理论研究的基础上界定了创新型企业文化的内涵,接着以东方通科技有限公司为案例,探讨了创新型企业文化在构建过程中的阶段性和规律性,得到了如下研究结论：（1）创新型企业文化的构建过程可以概括为L＆R＆C过程;（2）在遵循L＆R＆C过程的前提下,企业管理者可以主动地、有意识地采用合适的管理方法,加速创新型企业文化的构建工作。     

Taiwanese Cruise Tourist Behavior during Different Phases of Experience

This study examined the influences on the decisions and experiences of Taiwanese cruise tourists during different phases of leisure experience. The study results demonstrated that trip price and duration were the two main influences on tourist decisions during the anticipation phase of planning their trip. During the on‐site experience phase, the determinants of tourist reasons for using different services during their cruise varied. Notably, price only slightly influenced total tourist satisfaction and re‐purchase intention during the recollection phase, whereas service quality exerted a major influence. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.