外商直接投资对中国环境污染影响的实证分析——基于2004—2011年省际二氧化硫面板数据

外商直接投资如同一把双刃剑,在给东道国带来资金、技术的同时,会对东道国的环境产生不利影响。通过利用29个省,2004—2011年度的面板数据,研究外商直接投资对中国二氧化硫排放的关系。结果证实外商直接投资对中国环境产生了负面影响,并进一步证实,这种影响在东部地区小于中部和西部地区,然后就实证结果提出相关的政策建议。     

Creating Markets for Air Pollution Control in Europe and the USA

This paper surveys recent efforts to relax the rigid regulatory frameworks for air pollution control in Europe and the USA. European policies have mainly taken the form of bubbles and compensation or offset schemes. Emission trading has been limited to intra-firm solutions for various reasons: industry structure, absence of real scarcity, and too restrictive trading rules. Bubbles have been granted to homogenous sectors only and can be characterized as direct regulation for a group rather than tradable permit systems. By contrast, the sulphur allowance program in the USA has laid down the foundation for a pollution permit market with few formal restrictions. Problems that arise are mainly related to local environmental and public utility controls. Europe can learn from the USA that regular national permit markets could be installed, preferably for homogenous sectors. In designing the permit system, the differences between the USA and Europe in terms of ecosystem sensitivity, stringency of regulation and differentiation of regional environmental policy have to be taken into account.     

Book Review

The authors present a simple diagrammatic exposition of a pollution-permit market in which both firms that generate pollution and consumers who are harmed by pollution are allowed to purchase permits at a single market price. They show that the market equilibrium is efficient if and only if the endowment of permits is equal to the efficient level of pollution. Furthermore, if consumers actually participate in the market, then the equilibrium is not efficient. Welfare can be improved by decreasing the endowment of permits and thereby pricing consumers out of the market.     

我国环境规制与污染密集型产业发展的协整机制——基于VAR模型和VEC模型的实证研究

利用2000—2011年我国环境规制和3个典型的污染密集型产业的面板数据,运用协整分析、Granger因果关系分析、VAR模型和VEC模型等方法和工具,分析了我国环境污染治理投资强度与3个污染密集型产业发展的相互关系。结果表明:环境污染治理投资强度和3个污染密集型产业的发展均存在长期协整均衡关系;污染密集型产业的发展均能构成环境污染治理投资强度变化的Granger成因,反之则不成立;当短期波动使环境污染治理投资强度与3个污染密集型产业发展的关系偏离长期均衡状态时,偏离部分将在当年被不同程度地调整和修正。最后,提出环境规制应为实现我国两型社会保驾护航的政策建议。     

论企业对环境污染的自我规制

企业对环境污染的自我规制不仅是出于提升竞争力和应对市场压力的考虑,也与企业社会责任理念的发展与深化密切相关。本文对企业环境自我规制的行为动因及其发展脉络进行了分析。研究表明,需要通过开放市场引入更严格的环境标准或者通过提升消费者等利益相关团体的环境意识来激励我国现阶段企业参与环境保护。     

农村环境污染控制区划方法与应用研究

本文具体针对农村环境污染发生的分散性、广域性和随机性等特征,采取了清单分析法,并且集体核算了农村环境污染物COD、TN、TP的排放量及其排放速度。并以农村环境污染敏感性和污染类型的划分作为研究基础来探讨农村环境污染控制区划。对不同的地区实施不同的分类控制和分区管理,为农村环境污染控制提供有效的科学依据。     

可持续发展视角下的企业成长战略

随着对可持续发展认识的不断加深,越来越多的企业家正意识到自己所肩负的责任:如何运用可持续发展的理论来抓住机遇,迎接挑战,促使企业成长;如何在成长过程中避免重蹈发达国家先发展后治理的覆辙?本文提出了企业可实施资源节约、创新、组织变革、多元化和学习等战略,从而达到预防性治理目的,实现企业成长与社会、环境可持续发展协调一致。     

Regulation of Stock Externalities with Correlated Abatement Costs

We study a dynamic regulation model where firms’ actions contribute to a stock externality. The regulator and firms have asymmetric information about serially correlated abatement costs. With price-based policies such as taxes, or if firms trade quotas efficiently, the regulator learns about the evolution of both the stock and costs. This ability to learn about costs is important in determining the ranking of taxes and quotas, and in determining the value of a feedback rather than an open-loop policy. For a range of parameter values commonly used in global warming studies, taxes dominate quotas, regardless of whether the regulator uses an open-loop or a feedback policy, and regardless of the extent of cost correlation.Early versions of this paper were presented at the Fifth California Workshop on Environmental and Resource Economics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, May 5–6, 2000, and at the annual meeting of the Canadian Agricultural Economics Society, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, June 1–3, 2000. We thank these conference participants, and two anonymous referees of this journal for their comments, without implicating them in any remaining errors. The opinions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Asian Development Bank.