大型零售商主导购物中心零售业态双边市场运行机理

购物中心零售业态是传统的具有双边市场特征的交易平台。大型零售商通过整体租赁购物中心零售业态进行选址开店的模式,可以看作是双边市场中基于零售商一体化双边市场交易平台的行为。一体化结构下,大型零售商不仅成功实现零售业态的进一步拓展,本身也由单纯从事商品销售的零售商转变为具有双边市场特征的平台企业。作为平台企业,其运作机制遵循双边市场的经营特征,主要表现在倾斜定价机制和平台多产品组合竞争。但其核心竞争力依然来源于自身经营商品的竞争优势。     

中国电信业接入定价与互联互通分析

中国电信业的互联互通问题日益凸显,作为其核心内容的接入定价问题越来越受到规制学家的关注。论文介绍了当前几种主流接入定价方法,通过分析各种方法的优缺点,结合当前中国电信业的基本状况及现实特点,从理论上得出中国电信业应采用以成本为基础的网间互联接入定价方式,为三大运营商更好地实现有效竞争,实现真正意义上的互联互通提供了理论依据。     

A modified logit model for time series with an application to the pricing behaviour of manufacturing firms in Australia

The modified logit model (Amemiya and Nold, 1975) is generalised to the case where the error term is autocorrelated. The asymptotic distribution (as n →∞ and T →∞) of a feasible GLS estimator of β is derived. Tests of linear restrictions on β and the significance of ρ are presented. The results of the applied work suggest that the factors which explain the pricing behaviour of manufacturing firms, as reported in the tendency survey conducted by the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the Westpac Banking Corporation, include historical inflation rates of up to 7 quarters and capacity utilisation. First version received: March 2001/Final version received: July 2002 RID="*" ID="*"  The first draft of this paper was written while the author was on study leave at the Department of Econometrics, University of Sydney, Australia.     

同类产品的定价模型研究

针对完全市场经济条件下运行的库存-销售系统中同类产品定价问题,提出了多产品组合定价决策模型.考虑到多产品的需求价格弹性和交叉弹性的影响,假定在已知价格浮动比例的情况下为产品制定投放市场价,使得价格发生调整后产品在一段时期内取得的投资收益最大,从而建立了一般化的二次规划模型.最后给出两种产品组合定价决策的案例,用二次规划的有效集法计算获得最优定价结果,对于多产品组合定价问题具有理论和实际价值.     

The Determinants of Sticky Prices and Sticky Plans: Evidence from German Business Survey Data

So far, there is no consensus on the price adjustment determinants in the empirical literature. Analyzing a novel firm‐level business survey data set, we provide new insights on the price setting behavior of German retailers during a low inflation period. Relating the probability of both price and pricing plan adjustment to time‐ and state‐dependent variables, we find that state‐dependence is important; the macroeconomic environment as well as the firm‐specific condition significantly determines the timing of both actual price changes and pricing plan adjustments. Moreover, input cost changes are important determinants of price setting. Finally, price increases respond more strongly to cost shocks compared to price decreases.     

A NOTE ON PRICING OF PRODUCT QUALITY FOR STATUS CONCERNS

The paper analyses the optimal pricing of the product quality scheme when concerns for relative standing exist among consumers. We demonstrate that if the proportion of high‐value consumers is over (respectively, under) 1/2 of the total consumers, a firm has an incentive to select a large (respectively, small) quality gap among products. Therefore, there exists a cut‐off level for status concerns, which eliminates quality differences, and the firm assigns the same quality to all the consumers. These results indicate that consumers’ qualities will reflect distortions at the top and bottom. Accordingly, the firm's profit depends on which consumer category is larger.     

基于互联互通与用户归属行为的平台定价与福利分析

在互联网即时聊天平台市场中,平台之间不能互联的问题导致越来越多的用户同时加入多个竞争平台,即多归属,以提高使用的便利性。但这种多归属给用户带来不便。针对此问题,本文分别从平台无互联与用户单归属、平台无互联与用户多归属和平台互联三个方面探讨了平台互联互通与用户归属行为对平台企业的定价、利润与社会福利等问题的影响,并对相关现象进行了解释。本研究认为,在依靠市场力量难以推动互联网即时聊天平台间实现互联的情况下,应通过政府干预来推动平台互联。     

双边间接网络效应对平台产品扩散与定价的作用研究

本文在BASS扩散模型的基础上,引入双边间接网络效应的作用,建立平台产品的扩散模型。研究发现:双边间接网络效应产生潜在的市场规模扩张,其和市场单边自扩散共同作用,使得平台产品的扩散形态可能呈单峰或多峰形状。按双边扩散表现为相互制约还是相互促进,平台产品市场扩散可分为潜在市场规模扩张起飞前和潜在市场规模扩张起飞后两个阶段。平台运营者需要正确判断产品扩散所处的阶段,谨慎制定正确的定价策略。     

EU Emission Allowances and the stock market: Evidence from the electricity industry

This paper constitutes - to our best knowledge - the first econometric analysis on stock market effects of the EU Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS). Our results suggest that EU Emission Allowance (EUA) price developments matter to the stock performance of electricity firms: EUA price changes and stock returns of the most important European electricity corporations are shown to be positively related. This effect does not work asymmetrically, so that stock markets do not seem to react differently to EUA appreciations in comparison to depreciations. The carbon market effect is shown to be both time- and country-specific: It is particularly strong for the period of EUA market shock in early 2006, and differs with respect to the countries where the electricity corporations analysed are headquartered. Stock market reactions to EUA volatility could not be shown.     

Pro-cyclical effect of sovereign rating changes on stock returns: a fact or factoid?

This article examines the effect of changes in sovereign credit ratings and their outlook on the stock market returns of European countries at different phases of business cycle. Using standard four-factor model, it records a significant average marginal effect of credit rating announcements on stock market returns. Both magnitude and significance of the effect vary with business cycle and across announcement types. However, we do not find evidence of pro-cyclical effect of sovereign rating and outlook changes on stock returns. Our results show that stock markets react more negatively to rating downgrades in recovery phases and more positively to rating upgrades in contractionary period. Both results are statistically significant and robust to various sensitivity tests.