废旧产品再利用的产业组织创新研究

本文依据生产者责任延伸这一企业行为基本规则,分析构建了企业和社会层面废旧产品再利用的循环结构。对构成产品再利用产业的再使用,再制造,资源化和最终处置子系统分别作了解析,对各子系统的功能作用,企业责任,市场机制,政策保障,法律制约,以及文化意识与道德约束等作了原则性构思。这对于优化我国重构循环经济系统的产品再利用产业组织与运行机制都有一定的借鉴意义。     

关于企业产品标准中检验规则编写若干问题的探讨（上）

企业产品标准中检验规则章节是国内生产型产品标准重要的组成部分。本文就如何编写一个规范的、可操作性强的检验规则,对其组成要素,即检验分类及内涵意义、抽样方案及如何正确应用、组批规则确定、抽样检验结果判定与处理等方面,从理论和实践的结合上加以阐述。希望通过这些问题的探讨对规范企业产品标准,提升企业标准制定的质量提供些借鉴。     

Toward a product-based typology for nature-based tourism: a conceptual framework

The traditional view of nature-based tourists as a relatively homogeneous group has been questioned, and several scholars have suggested various segmentation typologies. This paper discusses market and industry changes and notes key trends, as Fordist tourist products have been replaced by post-Fordist and neo-Fordist products, with both McDonaldization and McDisneyization developments. A range of visitor-based typologies are reviewed, and the conflict between capturing the diversity of today's nature-based tourists while offering management bodies simple tools to segment visitors, identify core groups and improve their marketing is noted. In an attempt to overcome this conflict, the paper presents a conceptual framework which focuses on nature-based tourism products instead of tourist types, therefore incorporating aspects of both the demand and supply sides of the nature-based tourism industry market. A two-dimensional matrix is suggested, linking four basic travel motivations (nature conservation, nature experience, sports/adventure and hedonistic) to four different types of tourist products (independent, à la carte, customized and standardized), giving a total typology of 16 different types. The matrix should help protected area managers to better understand tourist needs, suggest management measures and help to create more sustainable forms of tourism. Empirical testing is suggested as a next step.     

酒店服务产品创新效果的模糊综合评价

文章在对酒店服务产品创新的不同层次进行分析的基础上，运用多层次模糊综合评价方法给出了酒店服务产品创新效果评价的指标体系及评价过程，实现了对酒店服务产品创新效果的定量评价。     

Putting the "New" into New Trade Theory: Paul Krugman's Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics

This paper reviews the scientific contributions of Paul Krugman to the study of international trade, on the occasion of his receipt of the 2008 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics. A simplified exposition is presented of some of his principal findings, including: the effects of trade on firm scale and product diversity in a general model of monopolistic competition; the integration of monopolistic competition with factor endowments theory; the implications of transport costs, including home-market effects and the possibility of agglomeration in models of economic geography; and the positive and normative consequences of oligopolistic trade.     

Ease of reading of mandatory information on Canadian food product labels

Food product labels present individual product information, safety, nutrition, electronic inventory, container and environmental information, in various formats, languages and images. Some information is mandatory; much is promotional. The food label is an essential tool for regulators of safe food handling, nutrition policy and fair competition. Mandatory information on food labels in Canada is required to be presented in both English and French, readily discernable, prominently displayed and legible. This study examines the ease of finding and reading of mandatory label components on selected Canadian food products. A validated typographical scoring system assessed the lists of ingredients on a purposive sample of 100 food labels representing foods in all groups in Canada's Food Guide. Seven percent of the ingredient lists were easy to read; 26% were difficult to read and 67% were very difficult to read. Well‐educated resourceful readers in consumer focus groups examined food labels for key elements that influence ease of finding and reading information. Focus groups and typographical scoring identified: colour contrast, case, print style, print size, space between the lines, reverse print, organization, justification, type of surface, hyphenation and print reproduction as factors that affect ease of reading. Print that curves around a container, lack of paragraphing or point form organization make reading difficult; text blocks at right angles to each other make comparisons difficult; separation of the nutrition facts table from the list of ingredients makes decision making tedious. Inadequate spacing between lines of print creates problems for readers of English and exacerbates problems for readers of French. Words placed over illustrations, busy backgrounds or watermarks increase reading difficulty. Hazard statements, instructions and storage information imbedded in other information without added space or appropriate heading is difficult to find and read. Canadian consumers echo consumers in 28 European countries who find label information difficult to find and to read and want clear guidelines/regulations on the placement and the typography of mandatory food label components     

Dumping and Injury Margins in Markets with Horizontal as well as Vertical Product Differentiation

This paper examines the GATT/WTO rules for anti-dumping measures in a duopoly model with both horizontal and vertical product differentiation. The GATT/WTO rules allow for anti-dumping measures if domestic producers, exposed to price discrimination, also demonstrate injury where price-undercutting is an important indicator of the latter. The paper shows that the procedure for calculating injury is flawed due to negligence of quality differences in the calculation of the margin of price-undercutting. This gives countries with high-quality producers an option to practice protectionism. This asymmetry between countries in ability to implement anti-dumping measures predominantly favors the developed countries which are specialized in producing high-quality products. The paper suggests an overall critical look at the lenient rules for implementing anti-dumping measures—especially the rules for injury determination—in order to restrict the use of such measures to a minimum and to move the world economy closer to free trade.     

Product Location with Foresight

Traditional location literature concludes that firms will optimally differentiate in order to alleviate a tendency toward competitive pricing. However, it has recently been shown that firms will minimally differentiate if they (correctly) anticipate an absence of price competition. This paper examines the relationship between product location and the sustainability of cooperative pricing, in horizontally and vertically differentiated markets. Further, it describes equilibrium locations when firms are able to choose their locations jointly and when they must choose independently.     

The Two Key Principles Behind Effective TQM Programs

We analyse Total Quality Management (TQM) from an economic and organisational perspective. We find that TQM is a new organising technology that is science-based, non-hierarchical and non-market-oriented. It improves productivity by encouraging the use of science in decision-making and discouraging counter-productive defensive behaviour. It also encourages effective creation and use of specific knowledge throughout the organisation. Effective implementation of TQM generally requires major changes in all three components of the organisational rules of the game, namely systems for allocating decision rights, performance measurement systems, and reward and punishment systems.     

工业企业新产品开发供应链管理研究(1)——新产品开发供应链管理的基本概念

通过对供应链 (管理 )定义、特点、发展和内容的介绍 ,阐述新产品开发供应链管理的基本概念。