国土空间生态保护修复标准体系的构建研究--以广东省为例

生态保护修复工作面临生态要素和职能部门多、技术难度高、协调难度大等问题,亟需研究构建统筹山水林田湖草一体化保护修复的标准体系加以应对。文章以广东省为例,在结合实际工作和相关规划的基础上,探索性地提出广东省国土空间生态保护修复标准体系的构建思路,总结了标准体系构建存在对“两统一”的认识不足、系统性思维有待加强、部门联动机制尚未建立、关键性标准缺失等问题和难点,并针对性地提出四方面建议。     

Tracking 130 years of coastal wetland reclamation in Ria Formosa,Portugal: Opportunities for conservation and aquaculture

Economic activities in coastal wetlands are often perceived as incompatible with nature conservation. This negative perception stems from the visible impacts resulting from a continuous process of coastal wetland reclamation, as human pressure increases significantly in global coastal areas. The largest coastal wetland area in southern Portugal, the Ria Formosa, shares a similar perception, where current nature protection status often conflicts with the needed economic development. Here we explore how the economic activities influenced the wetland reclamation process in Ria Formosa, addressing namely aquaculture identified as an activity with a significant compatibilization potential. Different datasets were merged in a Geographical Information System, tracking land use change in Ria Formosa wetlands over the last 130 years at decadal intervals. Our results show that since the end of the 19^th century nearly 2000 ha of wetlands were converted to anthropic environments, resulting in a 20 % natural area reduction. From 1885 until the mid-20^th century, land use policy was influenced by the significant regional seafood preservation industry, with large swaths of wetlands diked, drained and excavated to give place to traditional salt farms. The following economic downturn gave place for the late industrialization of salt farms, further increasing the reclaimed wetland areas, later stalling with the recognition of the environmental importance of Ria Formosa in 1978. Aquaculture only gained momentum in 1980’s with the support of European funding, resulting in the conversion of many unproductive diked areas. However, late 20^th century and current land use policy shifted to a nature conservation focus, therefore limiting the use of previously reclaimed areas, a challenge that influenced the abandonment of the modified areas. By studying the long-term change of land use in Ria Formosa, we argue that in high conservation value areas new policies should be considered that stimulate the development of an ecosystem approach to economic activities, namely aquaculture, improving simultaneously the regional environmental status and socioeconomic sustainable development.     

Evaluating the coupling effects of climate variability and vegetation restoration on ecosystems of the Loess Plateau,China

Restoring disturbed and over-exploited ecosystems is an important part of mitigating human pressures on natural ecosystems. An ambitious ecological restoration program, the Grain for Green Program (GFGP), was launched in 1999 in China. We selected the Loess Plateau (LP) as a case study, and evaluated ecosystem changes between 2000 and 2012 using biophysical models, observation records, and literature data. It was observed that both the warming and wetting of climate and the ecological program promoted vegetation growth and biomass production (i.e., carbon sequestration). Overall ecosystem patterns were relatively stable; grassland, residential land, and forest increased in area, while farmland area decreased slightly. Increasing precipitation throughout the study period was related to fluctuations in soil retention and hydrological regulation. Vegetation restoration induced by climate variability and the ecological program played a significant role in soil retention enhancement, which also substantially reduced sediment load. The land-use conversion in ecological restoration program promoted soil carbon sequestration, but featured differences in conversion types and rainfall zones. The ecosystem changes recorded in the LP, which resulted from both the ecological program and climate variability, might be temporary improvements rather than fundamental ecosystem shifts. The success of this ecological restoration in the LP exemplifies the positive effects of environmental policies and the necessity of adopting an adaptive management approach. However, the current assessment was not comprehensive, as it involved only three dominant regulating services, and there were still trade-offs among multiple ecosystem services. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the interactions and trade-offs among ecosystem services is required to explore in the context of emerging climate change, so as to support environmental management that maximizes ecosystem benefits to human well-being.     

城市公园恢复性评价心理模型研究 ——基于环境偏好及场所依恋理论视角

环境偏好是游憩者对城市公园环境的一种评价，场所依恋是游憩者与城市公园之间的情感联结，而恢复性评价则是人在城市公园中感知到的心理健康效益。论述了环境偏好、场所依恋及恢复性评价之间的关系，借鉴自我调节理论，构建了城市公园恢复性评价心理模型，并以福州的9个城市公园为例，进行模型验证。结果表明，城市公园的恢复性评价心理路径有2条，分别是“环境偏好→恢复性评价”的简单影响路径和“环境偏好→场所依赖→场所认同→恢复性评价”的综合复杂影响路径。表明游憩者在城市公园中的恢复性感知是一个渐进式的心理感知过程，尤其是在具有场所依恋情感的环境中，经历了“环境认知评价→情感响应→情绪启动”的心理过程，认清这种复杂的心理路径对今后塑造更具恢复性的城市公园景观具有一定的指导借鉴意义。     

深圳湾凤塘河口红树林修复工程

由于城市化影响及人为干扰,深圳凤塘河口水质受到严重污染,河口红树林生态系统严重退化。为了使凤塘河口恢复生态平衡,深圳市福田区启动了"福田凤塘河口红树林修复示范工程"。该工程设计以"海陆交错带的生态修复"为主题,通过水污染控制系统、水动力控导及生态修复等三方面内容建设,在海陆路交错带上构建红树林—水体(含水生植被)及红树植物—半红树植物—陆生植物/植被—隔离植被带大格局。此外,本文还分析了工程前水体及红树林生态系统现状,植被恢复工程的主题、原则、整体格局及工程技术,工程后的景观效果及生态环境状况。该工程的整体设计及工程技术可为同类工程提供参考。     

基于生态服务功能评价方法的小流域生态恢复效果研究

利用中科院千烟洲生态试验站1983年、1990年、1997年和2002年4个时段、比例尺为1:2 000的土地利用图,气候、生物量以及农业等观测与统计调查资料,参考美国学者科斯坦萨(Costanza)等1994年对全球的生态系统服务功能价值评估时所采用的部分评价指标,应用ArcGIS及Matlab软件进行空间数据处理、计算、分析、插值,对该站所在的小流域进行了生态服务功能评价,结合上下限估计法,计算出该小流域建站初期(1983年)与建站20年后(2002年)的生态系统服务功能价值,对比得出,该小流域生态恢复与重建效果明显,森林、农田、水体三大生态系统的7项生态服务功能得到极大提升,该地居民的生产和生活条件得到极大的改善。     

基金收益率排名与计算的比较研究

目前各种财经媒体推出的基金收益率排名存在较大差异,向前复权或向后复权均不能反映基金的实际收益情况。基于定点复权的思想,本文提出新的实际收益率计算方法,重点关注分红对基金收益的影响,并构建分析模板分别对开放式基金和封闭式基金进行研究。针对封闭式基金实际收益率构建的三因子模型,发现封基的实际收益率除了和其自身盈利能力有关之外,对折价率变动、分红再投资收益等因素更加敏感。     

Compensating for past deforestation: Assessing the legal forest surplus and deficit of the state of Pará, eastern Amazonia

Up to 80% of each private rural property in the Brazilian Amazon is protected by law through the Legal Reserve (LR) mechanism of the federal Forest Code, underlining the conservation importance of forests on private lands in one of the world̿s most important biomes. However, our understanding of the discrepancies in levels of forest protection on private lands as obligated by the law versus what occurs in practice remains very poor. We assessed patterns of forest cover and legal compliance with the Forest Code in the 1.25 Mkm² Brazilian state of Pará, which has the highest deforestation rate in the Amazon. We evaluate the LR deficit and surplus patterns for different sized properties and across 144 municipalities, and found that the total LR surplus (12.6 Mha) was more than five times the total area of deficit (2.3 Mha). Yet, from the total surplus, only 11% can be legally deforested while the remaining 89% is already protected by law but can be used (sold or rented) to compensate for areas that are under deficit. Medium and large-scale properties make up most of the total LR deficit area, while agrarian reform settlements had comparatively large amounts of both compensation-only surplus and deforestable surplus. Most of the municipalities (77%) in the state could compensate their total deficit with surplus areas of LR in the same municipality, while the remainder can be compensate their deficit in one or more neighbouring municipalities, indicating compensation can always take place close to the source of the deficit. Maximising the environmental benefits of achieving Forest Code compliance requires measures that go beyond the existing legal framework, including interventions to avoid further deforestation in places where it is still legal, compensate in close proximity to areas with legal reserve deficit and promote local restoration on degraded lands.     

A mathematical model for post-disaster road restoration: Enabling accessibility and evacuation

This paper focuses on the planning of road restoration efforts during disaster response and recovery. The primary objective is to maximize network accessibility for all locations in the area during the restoration process so that survivors are evacuated and road side debris is removed as soon as possible. We propose a dynamic path based mathematical model that identifies criticality of blockages and clears them with limited resources. This model is more efficient than link based models and can solve restoration problems for realistic size networks within reasonable time. Algorithm performance is demonstrated using two instances based on districts in Istanbul.     

新西兰保险增值税的一个理论解释：保险本位商品说

新西兰“反计还原”的保险增值税模式因设计精巧、运转良好而倍受推崇,但因缺乏坚实的理论基础而使其辐射功能与借鉴意义大打折扣。保险本位商品说将保险本身定义为一种纯粹独立的商品并明晰其生产成本,否定了“保险商品的生产过程和消费过程为同一过程”的错误论断,为保险商品构建了完整的流转过程,从而为新西兰“反计还原”的模式提供了理论基础,将有助于我国对新西兰经验的学习和借鉴,以优化保险增值税税制设计。